{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:00:47Z","timestamp":1753891247616,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extranodal natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) is a distinct pathological entity and accounts for ~10% of T-cell lymphomas. The histological features of ENKTCL include angiodestruction and coagulative necrosis and the association with EBV infection. ENKTCL is typically aggressive and mainly affects the nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal region. However, some patients can present with distant nodal or extranodal involvement such as the Waldeyer ring, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary organs, lung, thyroid, skin, and testes. Compared to ENKTCL of nasal type, primary testicular ENKTCL is very rare and has a lower age of onset and faster clinical progression, with tumor cell dissemination occurring early in the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case 1: A 23-year-old man presented with 1 month of right testicular pain and swelling. Enhancement CT revealed increased density in the right testis, uneven increased enhancement, discontinuity of the local envelope, and multiple trophoblastic vessels in the arterial phase. Testicular ENKTCL was diagnosed by post-operative pathology. The patient underwent a follow-up <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT imaging 1 month later and found elevated metabolism in the bilateral nasal, left testicular, and right inguinal lymph nodes. Unfortunately, the patient received no further treatment and died 6 months later. Case 2: A 2-year-old male child presented with an enlarged right testicle, MRI showed a mass in the right epididymis and testicular area, which showed low signal on T1WI, high signal on T2WI and DWI, and low signal on ADC. Meanwhile, CT showed soft tissue in the lower lobe of the left lung and multiple high-density nodules of varying sizes in both lungs. Based on the post-operative pathology, the lesion was diagnosed with primary testicular ENKTCL. The pulmonary lesion was diagnosed as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with EBV infection. The child was given SMILE chemotherapy, but pancreatitis was induced during chemotherapy, then he died 5 months later after chemotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary testicular ENKTCL is very rare in clinical practice, typically presenting as a painful testicular mass, which can mimic inflammatory lesions and cause diagnostic challenges. <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT plays pivotal roles in the diagnosis, staging, evaluation of treatment outcomes and prognosis evaluation in patients with testicular ENKTCL, and it is helpful to assist clinical practice to better formulate individualized treatment plans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1183564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T09:56:24Z","timestamp":1685613384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multimodality imaging evaluation of primary testicular extranodal natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma: two case reports"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wenpeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongbai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2020.1795250","article-title":"Extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with extranasal presentation - a case report and a review of the literature","volume":"59","author":"Akbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2009.1.523","article-title":"The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research","author":"Jaffe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.04.009","article-title":"Natural killer\/T-cell neoplasms: analysis of incidence, patient characteristics, and survival outcomes in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Kommalapati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2012.736603","article-title":"CD56 negative extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma of the orbit mimicking orbital cellulitis","volume":"32","author":"Pine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orbit."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230221","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-230221","article-title":"Sinonasal relapses of a primary isolated extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma of the testis","volume":"12","author":"Hallak","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3181916029","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoproliferative processes: an update for the diagnostic pathologist","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Anat Pathol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1967\/s002449910412","article-title":"The early diagnosis of testicular natural killer\/t-cell lymphoma","volume":"19","author":"Shu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e630","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000004205","article-title":"Extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma with widespread cutaneous and subcutaneous involvement on 18 F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"47","author":"Filizoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000068489","article-title":"Primary NK\/T cell lymphoma of the testis. 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