{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:07:48Z","timestamp":1791972468514,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) is increasingly recognized as heterogeneous in its severity and response to therapies. This study aimed to identify CS phenotypes and their responses to the use of vasopressors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study included patients with CS complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at the time of admission from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. Laboratory and clinical variables were collected and used to conduct latent profile (LPA) analysis. Furthermore, we used a multivariable logistic regression (LR) model to explore the independent association between the use of vasopressors and endpoints.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 630 eligible patients with CS after AMI were enrolled in the study. The LPA identified three profiles of CS: profile 1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009259, 37.5%) was considered as the baseline group; profile 2 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009261, 37.8%) was characterized by advanced age, more comorbidities, and worse renal function; and profile 3 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009170, 24.6%) was characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)-related indexes and acid\u2013base balance disturbance. Profile 3 showed the highest all-cause in-hospital mortality rate (45.9%), followed by profile 2 (43.3%), and profile 1 (16.6%). The LR analyses showed that the phenotype of CS was an independent prognostic factor for outcomes, and profiles 2 and 3 were significantly associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality (profile 2: odds ratio [OR] 3.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.61\u20135.97, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; profile 3: OR 3.90, 95%CI 2.48\u20136.13, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) compared with profile 1. Vasopressor use was associated with an improved risk of in-hospital mortality for profile 2 (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.15\u20133.60, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015) and profile 3 (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.02\u20138.32, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047), respectively. The results of vasopressor use showed no significance for profile 1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three phenotypes of CS were identified, which showed different outcomes and responses to vasopressor use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1186119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T08:47:50Z","timestamp":1687510070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phenotyping cardiogenic shock that showed different clinical outcomes and responses to vasopressor use: a latent profile analysis from MIMIC-IV database"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiumeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengchao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junnan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhinong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000525","article-title":"Contemporary 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