{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:11:26Z","timestamp":1791465086881,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is a multifaceted autoimmune depigmenting disorder affecting around 0.5 to 2.0% of individuals globally. Standardizing diagnosis and therapy tracking can be arduous, as numerous clinical evaluation methods are subject to interobserver variability and may not be validated. Therefore, there is a need for diagnostic tools that are objective, dependable, and preferably non-invasive.<\/jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the non-invasive objective skin measurement methods that are currently used to evaluate the diagnosis, severity, and progression of vitiligo, as well as the advantages and limitations of each technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was used for the systematic review. Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were comprehensively searched for non-invasive imaging and biophysical skin measuring methods to diagnose, evaluate the severity of, or monitor the effects of vitiligo treatment. The risk of bias in included articles was assessed using the QUADAS-2 quality assessment scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>An extensive literature search resulted in 64 studies for analysis, describing eight imaging techniques (reflectance confocal microscopy, computer-aided imaging analysis, optical coherence tomography, infrared photography, third-harmonic generation microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, ultraviolet light photography, and visible light\/digital photograph), and three biophysical approaches (dermoscopy, colorimetry, spectrometry) used in diagnosing and assessing vitiligo. Pertinent information about functionality, mechanisms of action, sensitivity, and specificity was obtained for all studies, and insights into the strengths and limitations of each diagnostic technique were addressed. Methodological study quality was adequate; however, statistical analysis was not achievable because of the variety of methods evaluated and the non-standardized reporting of diagnostic accuracy results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this systematic review can enhance clinical practice and research by providing a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of non-invasive imaging and biophysical techniques in vitiligo assessment. Studies with larger sample sizes and sound methodology are required to develop verified methods for use in future practice and research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>(PROSPERO) database, (CRD42023395996).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1200963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T15:22:05Z","timestamp":1690471325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Non-invasive skin measurement methods and diagnostics for vitiligo: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Parsa","family":"Abdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Farkouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airiss R.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amritpal","family":"Kooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simal","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Maibach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1159\/000506103","article-title":"Vitiligo: a review","volume":"236","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04505.x","article-title":"Assessment methods for the evaluation of vitiligo","volume":"26","author":"K Alghamdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-023-00384-x","article-title":"Lessons learned from anatomic susceptibility in vitiligo patients: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Abdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Dermatol Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21246","article-title":"Assessment of vitiligo area scoring index (VASI), facial-VASI and vitiligo extent score using standardized photography of patients with vitiligo","volume":"187","author":"Merhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.09.034","article-title":"Development and validation of a patient-reported outcome measure in vitiligo: The self assessment vitiligo extent score (SA-VES)","volume":"76","author":"van Geel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S324073","article-title":"Reliability, validity and feasibility of the vitiligo extent score (VES) and self-assessment vitiligo extent score (SA-VES) among vitiligo patients: a cross-cultural validation","volume":"14","author":"van Geel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2011.00521.x","article-title":"In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy imaging of vitiligo, nevus depigmentosus and nevus anemicus","volume":"17","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol Off J Int Soc Bioeng Skin ISBS Int Soc Digit Imaging Skin ISDIS Int Soc Skin Imaging ISSI"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.609404","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of hypopigmented mycosis fungoides and vitiligo with reflectance confocal microscopy: a preliminary study","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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