{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:21:01Z","timestamp":1778088061925,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ocular pathology may be reduced by slowing myopia progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a novel custom-designed rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens to control high myopia by comparing the efficacy of multifocal RGP lenses and single-vision spectacles for high myopia control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The medical records of children fitted with spectacles or multifocal rigid gas-permeable lenses between January 2018 and May 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Children (5\u201317\u2009years) with non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction of \u2264 \u22126.00 D or spherical equivalent refraction &amp;gt;\u2009\u2212\u20096.00 D with baseline axial length\u2009\u2265\u200926.5\u2009mm, and astigmatism of \u2265 \u22122.00 D were included. Axial length and refraction were measured at baseline, before fitting the participants with multifocal rigid gas-permeable lenses or spectacles, and at 1- and 2-year follow-up visits. Changes in axial length were compared between the groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 77 children with 1-year follow-up data, the mean axial elongation was 0.20\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17\u2009mm and 0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u2009mm in the multifocal rigid gas-permeable and control groups, respectively, without significant differences between groups (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.835). Among the 41 patients who completed 2\u2009years of follow-up, the mean axial elongation values in the multifocal rigid gas-permeable and control groups were 0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15\u2009mm and 0.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13\u2009mm, respectively, at the 1-year follow-up, and 0.37\u2009\u00b1\u20090.27\u2009mm and 0.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u2009mm, respectively, at the 2-year follow-up, without significant between-group differences at either time point (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.224).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Axial length increased at a similar rate in both the control (spectacles) and multifocal rigid gas-permeable lens groups, suggesting that multifocal rigid gas-permeable lenses have no significant impact on controlling high myopia progression compared with spectacles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1207328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T01:05:05Z","timestamp":1691715905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High myopia control is comparable between multifocal rigid gas-permeable lenses and spectacles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Li-hua","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan-xing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-qing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Refractive errors and incident cataracts: the beaver dam eye study","volume":"42","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"3625","article-title":"Myopia and incident cataract and cataract surgery: the Blue Mountains eye study","volume":"43","author":"Younan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-4356(01)00388-2","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and its relationship to refraction among more than 60,000 asymptomatic Japanese subjects","volume":"54","author":"Yoshida","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116735","article-title":"Risk factors for idiopathic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"137","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.256","article-title":"Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control","volume":"28","author":"Holden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.010","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of 16 interventions for myopia control in children: a network meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.031","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5, 0.1, and 0.01% doses (atropine for the treatment of myopia 2)","volume":"119","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1091","article-title":"Efficacy and adverse effects of atropine in childhood myopia: a meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.10.020","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: effect on myopia progression after cessation of atropine","volume":"116","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7623","article-title":"Effect of bifocal and prismatic bifocal spectacles on myopia progression in children: three-year results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"132","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12621","article-title":"Myopia control with novel central and peripheral plus contact lenses and extended depth of focus contact lenses: 2 year results from a randomised clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Sankaridurg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0401","article-title":"Spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets for myopia control vs single-vision spectacle lenses: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"140","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001410","article-title":"A 3-year randomized clinical trial of MiSight lenses for myopia control","volume":"96","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10834","article-title":"Effect of high add power, medium add power, or single-vision contact lenses on myopia progression in children: the BLINK randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Walline","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001106","article-title":"A randomized trial of soft multifocal contact lenses for myopia control: baseline data and methods","volume":"94","author":"Walline","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","article-title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"104","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bjophthalmol-2020-317664","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317664","article-title":"Myopia control effect of defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lens in Chinese children: results of a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"106","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.01.007","article-title":"The efficacy of defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses in slowing myopia progression: results from diverse clinical circumstances","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001976","article-title":"One-year efficacy of the defocus incorporated multiple segment Lens in Chinese myopic children","volume":"100","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M184","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25977","article-title":"IMI \u2013 clinical management guidelines report","volume":"60","author":"Gifford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05254-5","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the therapeutic effects of 0.01% atropine on axial length growth in children in a real-life clinical setting","volume":"259","author":"Kaymak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315440","article-title":"Effect of low-dose atropine on myopia progression, pupil diameter and accommodative amplitude: low-dose atropine and myopia progression","volume":"104","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.01.026","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia in India: multicentric randomized trial","volume":"128","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001947","article-title":"Topical review: studies on management of myopia progression from 2019 to 2021","volume":"100","author":"Lanca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-845X.2019.03.001","article-title":"White paper on myopia management","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.6","article-title":"IMI prevention of myopia and its progression","volume":"62","author":"Jonas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-3906-z","article-title":"MiSight assessment study Spain (MASS). A 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"256","author":"Ruiz-Pomeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8453","article-title":"Long-term effect of overnight orthokeratology on axial length elongation in childhood myopia: a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"53","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5485","article-title":"Influence of overnight orthokeratology on axial elongation in childhood myopia","volume":"52","author":"Kakita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7077","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10565","article-title":"Retardation of myopia in orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"53","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000629","article-title":"Regimen study of high myopia-partial reduction orthokeratology","volume":"46","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318293657d","article-title":"High myopia-partial reduction Ortho-k: a 2-year randomized study","volume":"90","author":"Charm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1997.13.61","article-title":"The effectiveness of 0.5% atropine in controlling high myopia in children","volume":"13","author":"Chou","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","article-title":"IMI \u2013 report on experimental models of emmetropization and myopia","volume":"60","author":"Troilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI -\u2013defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-141","article-title":"The control effect of orthokeratology on axial length elongation in Chinese children with myopia","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd014758","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014758.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Lawrenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.10.026","article-title":"Adjunctive effect of orthokeratology and low dose atropine on axial elongation in fast-progressing myopic children-a preliminary retrospective study","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082371","article-title":"The combined effect of low-dose atropine with orthokeratology in pediatric myopia control: review of the current treatment status for myopia","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1568501","article-title":"Combined atropine with orthokeratology for myopia control: study design and preliminary results","volume":"44","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.10.005","article-title":"Has the search for a marker of activated fibroblasts finally come to an end?","volume":"88","author":"Matthijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"515","article-title":"The long-term clinical effects of orthokeratology in high myopia children","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13067","article-title":"Effect of orthokeratology on axial length elongation in moderate myopic and fellow high myopic eyes of children","volume":"104","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1369","article-title":"Effectiveness of hyperopic defocus, minimal defocus, or myopic defocus in competition with a myopiagenic stimulus in tree shrew eyes","volume":"47","author":"Norton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.011","article-title":"Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182990878","article-title":"The effect of multifocal soft contact lenses on peripheral refraction","volume":"90","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31826c1831","article-title":"Impact of pupil diameter on axial growth in orthokeratology","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12834","article-title":"One-year results of the variation of orthokeratology Lens treatment zone (VOLTZ) study: a prospective randomised clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020336","article-title":"The role of back optic zone diameter in myopia control with orthokeratology lenses","volume":"10","author":"Paun\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.042","article-title":"Influence of ocular wavefront aberrations on axial length elongation in myopic children treated with overnight orthokeratology","volume":"122","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9971.1","article-title":"Peripheral refraction with different designs of progressive soft contact lenses in myopes","volume":"5","author":"Allinjawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686932","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.686932","article-title":"The spatial distribution of relative corneal refractive power shift and axial growth in myopic children: orthokeratology versus multifocal contact lens","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12730","article-title":"Higher order aberrations and axial elongation in combined 0.01% atropine with orthokeratology for myopia control","volume":"40","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000232840.66716.af","article-title":"Peripheral refraction in orthokeratology patients","volume":"83","author":"Charman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-022-00296-0","article-title":"Weighted Zernike defocus coefficient of treatment zone is a meaningful indicator for myopia control efficacy of Ortho-K lenses","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye Vis"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1820528","article-title":"The effect of relative corneal refractive power shift distribution on axial length growth in myopic children undergoing orthokeratology treatment","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040730","article-title":"Bayesian meta-analysis of myopia control with multifocal lenses","volume":"10","author":"Varnas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11724","article-title":"Integration of defocus by dual power Fresnel lenses inhibits myopia in the mammalian eye","volume":"55","author":"McFadden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10742","article-title":"Inhibition of defocus-induced myopia in chickens","volume":"54","author":"Woods","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1207328\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T01:05:11Z","timestamp":1691715911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1207328\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2023.1207328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1207328","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"article-number":"1207328"}}