{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:52:34Z","timestamp":1791557554833,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare<\/jats:italic> complex (MAC) is a type of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and is associated with underlying pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, chronic aspiration or recurrent pneumonia, inactive or active tuberculosis, pneumoconiosis, and bronchogenic carcinoma. The risk factors for NTM-PD include host, drug, and environmental factors. In this report, we present the case of a 61-year-old man who developed bilateral lung nodules and was experiencing severe hemoptysis. The repeat acid-fast bacilli test performed on both sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples showed a negative result, as did the GeneXpert test. We employed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to analyze the lung nodule and BALF samples collected from the patient. Both samples tested positive for MAC within 3\u2009days. In addition, traditional MAC culture, conducted for 2 months, confirmed the growth of MAC in the patient\u2019s BALF. Then, the patient was treated accordingly. Following treatment, a high-resolution chest computed tomography scan revealed a significant reduction in lung nodules of the patient after 2\u2009months. These results indicate that MAC-associated lung nodules were responsible for the patient\u2019s symptoms, emphasizing the need for vigilance in diagnosing MAC infection in the patient without predisposing conditions. Furthermore, these results highlight the potential utility of mNGS as a promising rapid diagnostic tool for MAC infection and its potential role in the diagnosis of NTM disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1247034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T09:19:59Z","timestamp":1697620799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex infection utilizing metagenomics next-generation sequencing: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hongli","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luqing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenge","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210927","article-title":"British thoracic society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (Ntm-Pd)","volume":"72","author":"Haworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0045-2017","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium complex disease","volume":"5","author":"Daley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0024-2016","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria-overview","volume":"5","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2016.79.2.74","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: Clinicians' perspectives","volume":"79","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.5.649","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"31","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112147-20200508-00570","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Tubere Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.6.3.266","article-title":"The Mycobacterium avium complex","volume":"6","author":"Inderlied","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909283211304","article-title":"Infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in patients without predisposing conditions","volume":"321","author":"Prince","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000473","article-title":"Management of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease","volume":"24","author":"Adelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. 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