{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:01:49Z","timestamp":1753891309178,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have examined the effect of epidural block on surgical conditions during pediatric subumbilical laparoscopic surgery involving a supraglottic airway (SGA). This study investigated the surgical condition scores for such procedures in cases where neuromuscular block, epidural block, or neither was used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 150 patients aged 3\u201312\u2009years undergoing laparoscopic orchiopexy with a ProSeal SGA device were randomly allocated to one of three groups: the control group (did not receive neuromuscular block and epidural block), the NMB group [received a neuromuscular block (train-of-four 1\u20132 twitches) using rocuronium], or the EDB group (received an epidural block using ropivacaine). The primary outcome was the quality of surgical conditions evaluated with the Leiden-Surgical Rating Scale by the blinded surgeon. The secondary outcome measures included intraoperative hemodynamic data (including mean arterial pressure and heart rate), the SGA device removal time, the PACU discharge time, the pain score in the PACU and intraoperative adverse events (including bradycardia, hypotension, peak airway pressure\u2009&amp;gt;\u200920 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, and poor or extremely poor surgical conditions occurred during the operation). Statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, the chi-square test or Fisher\u2019s exact test. Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons were made for primary and secondary outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgical condition scores were significantly higher in the NMB and EDB groups than in the control group (median difference: 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5\u20131.0; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001; and median difference: 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5\u20130.8; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001, respectively). Blood pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in the EDB group than in the other two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004). Patients in the EDB group had significantly lower pain scores during PACU than those in the other two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001). The sufentanil dose was lower in the EDB group than in the other two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidural block can improve surgical conditions during pediatric subumbilical laparoscopic surgery involving a SGA to a degree comparable to that with moderate neuromuscular block.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1250039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T07:13:28Z","timestamp":1696576408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of epidural block on surgical conditions during pediatric subumbilical laparoscopic surgery involving a supraglottic airway: a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eryou","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang Quan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14447","article-title":"Comparison of the oropharyngeal leak pressure between three second generation supraglottic airway devices during laparoscopic surgery in pediatric patients","volume":"32","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01418-2","article-title":"Comparison of laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tube in preterm neonates receiving general anesthesia for inguinal hernia surgery: a retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC 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study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Boon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.09.024","article-title":"Deep neuromuscular block does not improve surgical conditions in patients receiving sevoflurane anaesthesia for laparoscopic renal surgery","volume":"126","author":"Honing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5670-2","article-title":"Deep neuromuscular blockade improves surgical conditions during low-pressure pneumoperitoneum laparoscopic donor nephrectomy","volume":"32","author":"\u00d6zdemir-van Brunschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex116","article-title":"Deep neuromuscular block to optimize surgical space conditions during laparoscopic surgery: a 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