{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:00:59Z","timestamp":1753891259633,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contradictory evidence suggested gastric xanthelasma (GX) was associated with some upper gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Additionally, no research has been performed on the relationship between esophageal\/duodenal xanthelasma and upper GI diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy at Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, participated in this retrospective study. This study evaluated whether the risk of GX or esophageal\/duodenal xanthelasma was influenced by the following gastroesophageal diseases: superficial gastritis, gastric polyp, bile reflux, peptic ulcer, reflux esophagitis, Barrett\u2019s esophagus, esophageal cancer, atrophic gastritis (AG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia, gastric cancer, and <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>) infection. Furthermore, subgroup analysis was conducted to establish the relationship between the number of GX and upper GI diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 69,071 subjects reviewed, 1,220 (1.77%) had GX, and 54 (0.08%) had esophageal\/duodenal xanthelasma. There was no difference in the prevalence of upper GI diseases between patients with and without esophageal\/duodenal xanthelasma. Nevertheless, compared with non-xanthelasma patients, GX patients had a greater proportion of AG, IM, dysplasia, gastric cancer, and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and a lower incidence of superficial gastritis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated AG (OR\u2009=\u20091.83, 95%CI: 1.56\u20132.16), IM (OR\u2009=\u20092.42, 95%CI: 2.41\u20132.85), and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection (OR\u2009=\u20091.32, 95%CI: 1.17\u20131.50) were independent risk factors for GX. In addition, patients with multiple GXs had a higher rate of AG and IM than those with single GX.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Esophageal\/duodenal xanthelasma may not be associated with upper GI diseases, and further research is needed to support this hypothesis. Notably, GX, especially multiple GXs, may be a more easily detected warning sign of AG, IM, or <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1252346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T08:27:30Z","timestamp":1693556850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gastric xanthelasma is a warning sign for Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, and intestinal 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