{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:31:34Z","timestamp":1788881494219,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opportunistic infections in the central nervous system (CNS) of people with HIV\/AIDS (PLWHA) remain significant contributors to morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited scenarios. Diagnosing these infections can be challenging, as brain imaging is non-specific and expensive. Therefore, molecular analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may offer a more accurate and affordable method for diagnosing pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted extensive real-time PCR testing (qPCR) on CSF to evaluate etiological agents in PLWHA with neurological manifestations. Primers targeting DNA from specific pathogens, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV), John Cunningham virus (JCV), <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, and human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2), were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid samples revealed 90 pathogens (36.7%). <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> was the most frequently detected pathogen, found in 22 samples (30.5%). Other pathogens included Cryptococcus sp. (7.7%), EBV (5.3%), CMV, VZV, and JCV (4.0% each).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite antiretroviral therapy and medical follow-up, opportunistic central nervous system infections remain frequent in PLWHA. Herpesviruses are commonly detected, but <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> is the most prevalent opportunistic pathogen in our study population. Therefore, molecular diagnosis is a crucial tool for identifying opportunistic infections, even in patients undergoing treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1298435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T04:39:08Z","timestamp":1704775148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Molecular diagnosis of opportunistic infections in the central nervous system of HIV-infected adults in Manaus, Amazonas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sabrina Ara\u00fajo","family":"de Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio Damasceno","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewerton da Silva","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinan","family":"Brotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveny Perlize Melo","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valderjane Aprigio","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossiclea Lins","family":"Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo Vin\u00edcius Silveira","family":"Feitoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique Freire","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taynn\u00e1 V. 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