{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T11:26:28Z","timestamp":1773833188551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"Objective<\/jats:title>To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Shenkang injection (SKI) combined with alprostadil in the treatment of chronic renal failure (CRF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method<\/jats:title>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Shenkang injection combined with alprostadil in CRF treatment were investigated by retrieving a total of 7 databases including CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, with the search time ranging from 2012 to now. Revman 5.2 software was used for data analysis, and Cochrane bias risk tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. The final results were represented by relative risk (RR), mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 20 RCTs and 1,573 patients were included in this study. Meta-analysis showed that the overall response rate (ORR) of the treatment group was superior to the control group [RR = 0.20, 95% CI (0.16, 0.25), P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.00001]. Compared with the control group, the treatment group achieved favorable improvement in terms of the creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) [MD = 9.48, 95% CI (8.73, 10.24), P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.00001], serum creatinine (Scr) [MD = \u221255.12, 95% CI (\u221263.42, \u221246.82), P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.00001], quantitative urine protein (Upro) [MD = \u22120.48, 95% CI (\u22120.53, \u22120.43), P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.00001], and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) [MD=-3.73, 95% CI (\u22124.08, \u22123.3) 7, P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.00001]. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of adverse reactions in each group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Currently, Shenkang injection combined with alprostadil has been widely used in clinical treatment of CRF due to the certain effect superior to other methods. However, its specific efficacy and safety need to be further verified through numerous large-scale clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.982016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T06:32:51Z","timestamp":1680762771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Shenkang injection combined with alprostadil for chronic renal failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinliang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051335","article-title":"chronic renal failure and cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive appraisal","volume":"11","author":"Skalsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000445473","article-title":"Clinical scenarios in chronic kidney disease: chronic tubulointerstitial diseases","volume":"188","author":"Meola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11857","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111857","article-title":"Recent advances in diabetic kidney diseases: from kidney injury to kidney fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Hung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9110-5","article-title":"Adult chronic kidney disease: neurocognition in chronic renal failure","volume":"20","author":"Koushik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.226066","article-title":"Research progress on the relationship between coronary artery calcification and chronic renal failure","volume":"131","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v30i5.23","article-title":"Risk factors for anemia in patients with chronic renal failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Shiferaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659119889521","article-title":"Predictors for acute and chronic renal failure and survival in patients supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"35","author":"Pabst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perfusion."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of sequential treatment with alprostadil and beraprost sodium for chronic renal failure induced by chronic glomerulonephritis","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106111","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitors in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28082","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028082","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of colonic dialysis combined with traditional Chinese medicine retention enema in the treatment of chronic renal failure: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20234","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020234","article-title":"Clinical trial for conventional medicine integrated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"99","author":"Xi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27748","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027748","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure: a protocol of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23821","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023821","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Shenkang injection as adjuvant therapy in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3958049","article-title":"Effects of shenkang injection combined with jinshuibao on early diabetic nephropathy and effects on coagulation fibrinolysis system and urinary protein","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9705948","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9705948","article-title":"ShenKang injection attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting EMT and regulating the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154206","article-title":"Shenkang injection protects against renal fibrosis by reducing perforin expression through the STING\/TBK1\/IRF3 signaling pathways in natural killer cells","volume":"104","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"2476","article-title":"Effect of alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jilin Med Sci."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"161","article-title":"To observe the clinical effect of alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure in elderly people","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Latest Med Infor Abstr."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"63","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Alprostadil and Shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Henan Med Res"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"31","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Med Health."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"336","article-title":"Clinical effect analysis of alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection in treatment of 60 cases of chronic renal failure in senile patients","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Health and Nutri."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"134","article-title":"Clinical analysis of alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure in elderly people","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med Guide."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"3903","article-title":"Clinical effect of alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection on chronic renal failure in elderly patients","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modern Diagnosis and Therapy."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"9","article-title":"Effect of Alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection on chronic renal failure","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heilongjiang J Tradi Chin Med."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effect of alprostadil combined with Shenkang Injection on chronic renal failure and its effect on renal function","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Doctor."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"137","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of alprostadil combined with Shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure in elderly patients","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abstract Latest Med Infor"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effect of Alprostadil and Shenkang injection on chronic renal failure in elderly patients","volume":"22","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin med guide."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"87","article-title":"Clinical observation of Shenkang injection combined with alprostadil in the treatment of chronic renal failure","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod Chin med applica."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"78","article-title":"Renal injection combined with high ground, the application effect of the treatment of chronic renal failure study","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"World's Latest Med Infor Abstract"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"3388","article-title":"Treatment of chronic renal failure by Shenkang injection combined with alprostadil","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Integr Tradi and Western Med."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"142","article-title":"Renal injection combined with front row, observation and assessment of the treatment of kidney failure","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Mod Drug Applic."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"609","article-title":"Clinical effect of Shenkang injection combined with Alprostadil in the treatment of chronic renal failure","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacy Today."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effect of Shenkang Injection combined with Alprostadil injection on chronic renal failure","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hospital Drug Use Eva Anal China"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"42","article-title":"Curative effect of Shenkang injection combined with Alprostadil injection on chronic renal failure","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Family Health"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"1322","article-title":"Effect of Shenkang Injection combined with Western Medicine on chronic renal failure and lipid metabolism disorder","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Rev."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"13","article-title":"Clinical observation of Shenkang Injection combined with Alprostadil in treatment of chronic renal failure in elderly patients","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Integrated Trad Chin and Western Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1053\/snep.2002.35973","article-title":"New clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: a framework for K\/DOQI","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Chinese journal of integrated traditional and western medicine","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1 introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.344766","article-title":"Chronic renal failure in the brazzaville university hospital center: epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects","volume":"32","author":"Eyeni Sinomono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13248","article-title":"Reduction of protein-bound uraemic toxins in plasma of chronic renal failure patients: a systematic review","volume":"290","author":"Saar-Kovrov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2021.10.009","article-title":"Juzentaihoto improves adenine-induced chronic renal failure in BALB\/c mice via suppression of renal fibrosis and inflammation","volume":"148","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13208","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with chronic renal insufficiency: a review of the literature","volume":"102","author":"Weber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000368940","article-title":"Update on inflammation in chronic kidney disease","volume":"39","author":"Akchurin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110833","article-title":"A review on the efficacy and mechanism of action of Shenkang injection against chronic kidney disease","volume":"132","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2383","article-title":"Effect of Shenkang granules on the progression of chronic renal failure in 5\/6 nephrectomized rats","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.982016\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T06:33:05Z","timestamp":1680762785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.982016\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2023.982016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.982016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"article-number":"982016"}}