{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:42:02Z","timestamp":1793295722252,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) is crucial to detect early to achieve the best treatment outcome. Optimally, non-invasive imaging biomarkers can be used for early detection of disease progression and treatment follow-up. Therefore, reliable <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> models are warranted in new imaging biomarker development to accelerate better-targeted treatment options. Single-dose bleomycin models have, for a long time, served as a reference model in fibrosis and lung injury research. Here, we aimed to use a clinically more relevant animal model by systemic exposure to bleomycin and assessing disease progression over time by combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.<\/jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>C57BL\/6 mice received bleomycin (i.p. 35iU\/kg) or saline as control twice per week for 4\u2009weeks. Mice were monitored until 2\u2009weeks after cessation of bleomycin administration (w4\u2009+\u20091 and w4\u2009+\u20092), referred to as the resting period. MRI scans were performed in weeks 3 and 4 and during the resting weeks. [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDG-PET was performed at the last week of dosing (w4) and 2\u2009weeks after the last dosing (w4\u2009+\u20092). Lung tissue sections were stained with Masson\u2019s trichrome and evaluated by modified Ashcroft scoring. Lung volume and lesion volumes were assessed using MRI, as well as 3D mapping of the central airways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bleomycin-challenged mice showed increased lung weights (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), while total lung volume was unchanged (w4 and onward). Histology analysis demonstrated fibrotic lesions emanating from the distal parts of the lung. Fibrosis progression was visualized by MRI with significantly increased high signal in bleomycin-exposed lungs compared to controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). In addition, a significant increase in central airway diameter (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) was displayed in bleomycin-exposed animals compared to controls and further continued to dilate as the disease progressed, comparing the bleomycin groups over time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05\u20130.001). Lung [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDG uptake was significantly elevated in bleomycin-exposed mice compared to controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-invasive imaging displayed progressing lesions in the lungs of bleomycin-exposed mice, using two distinct MRI sequences and [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDG-PET. With observed fibrosis progression emanating from distal lung areas, dilation of the central airways was evident. Taken together, this chronic bleomycin-exposure model is translationally more relevant for studying lung injury in ILD and particularly in the context of DIILD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1276420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T04:55:09Z","timestamp":1712638509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In vivo MRI and PET imaging in a translational ILD mouse model expressing non-resolving fibrosis and bronchiectasis-like pathology after repeated systemic exposure to bleomycin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Irma","family":"Mahmutovic Persson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Frans\u00e9n Petterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"in \u2018t Zandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"\u00d6rbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars E.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"von Wachenfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.ats01","article-title":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. 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