{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:26:45Z","timestamp":1790083605776,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to systematically assess the risk factors, the overall strength of association, and evidence quality related to sepsis-associated encephalopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for cohort or case-control studies published up to August 2023 on risk factors associated with sepsis-related encephalopathy. The selected studies were screened, data were extracted, and the quality was evaluated using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 13 studies involving 1,906 participants were included in the analysis. Among these studies, 12 were of high quality, and one was of moderate quality. Our meta-analysis identified six risk factors significantly associated with Serious Adverse Events (SAE). These included APACHE II, SOFA, age, tau protein, and IL-6, which were found to be risk factors with significant effects (standard mean difference SMD: 1.24\u20132.30), and albumin, which was a risk factor with moderate effects (SMD: \u22120.55). However, the certainty of evidence for the risk factors identified in this meta-analysis ranged from low to medium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis identified several risk factors with moderate to significant effects. APACHE II, SOFA, age, tau protein, IL-6, and albumin were associated with sepsis-related encephalopathy and were supported by medium- to high-quality evidence. These findings provide healthcare professionals with an evidence-based foundation for managing and treating hospitalized adult patients with sepsis-related encephalopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1379019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T04:52:48Z","timestamp":1716267168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Factors contributing to sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhiyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Duo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05907-4","article-title":"Updated nomenclature of delirium and acute encephalopathy: statement of ten societies","volume":"46","author":"Slooter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710005335X","article-title":"Progress in clinical neurosciences: sepsis-associated encephalopathy: evolving concepts","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b6ed58","article-title":"Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and its differential diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"Iacobone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1643-z","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of sepsis-associated encephalopathy","volume":"21","author":"Heming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00494.x","article-title":"The neuropathology of septic shock","volume":"14","author":"Sharshar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199301000-00019","article-title":"Neurologic complications of critical medical illnesses","volume":"21","author":"Bleck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165852","article-title":"Sepsis-associated brain dysfunction: a review of current literature","volume":"17","author":"Czempik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530300054040","article-title":"The spectrum of septic encephalopathy. 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