{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:54:51Z","timestamp":1787928891106,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent in the population, with inadequate intake, impaired absorption and metabolism as the main causative factors. VDD increases the risk of developing chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the association and potential mechanisms of vitamin D levels with the progression of DN by analyzing general clinical data and using bioinformatics methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 567 diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) patients from the Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center as the case group and 221 healthy examinees as the normal control group. T2DM patients were categorized into T2DM, early diabetic nephropathy (EDN), and advanced diabetic nephropathy (ADN) based on the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The renal RNA-seq and scRNA-seq data of patients with DN were mined from public databases, and the differential expression of vitamin D-related genes in normal-EDN-ADN was analyzed by bioinformatics method, protein interaction network was constructed, immune infiltration was evaluated, single cell map was drawn, and potential mechanisms of VD and DN interaction were explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chi-square test showed that vitamin D level was significantly negatively correlated with DN progression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Bioinformatics showed that the expression of vitamin D-related cytochrome P450 family genes was down-regulated, and TLR4 and other related inflammatory genes were abnormally up-regulated with the progression of DN. Vitamin D metabolism disturbance up-regulate \u201cNf-Kappa B signaling pathway,\u201d B cell receptor signaling pathway and other immune regulation and insulin resistance related pathways, and inhibit a variety of metabolic pathways. In addition, vitamin D metabolism disturbance are strongly associated with the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and several neurological disease complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>VDD or vitamin D metabolism disturbance is positively associated with the severity of renal injury. The mechanisms may involve abnormal regulation of the immune system by vitamin D metabolism disturbance, metabolic suppression, upregulation of insulin resistance and inflammatory signalling pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1388074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T04:43:09Z","timestamp":1719204189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The association between vitamin D and the progression of diabetic nephropathy: insights into potential mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongling","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05585-2","article-title":"Interpreting global trends in type 2 diabetes complications and mortality","volume":"65","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000506634","article-title":"Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, advances, and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.05.012","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for diabetic kidney disease","volume":"102","author":"Tuttle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1708","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on prevention of type 2 Diabetes in patients with prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002572","article-title":"Renoprotective role of the vitamin D receptor in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00199","article-title":"Albuminuria reduction after high dose of vitamin D in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Felicio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880930","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.880930","article-title":"Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in albuminuria progression of diabetic kidney disease and underlying mechanisms by bioinformatics analysis","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002","article-title":"2. 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