{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:00:29Z","timestamp":1753891229004,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the prevalence and progression of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Xuzhou City, China, during one academic year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study employed a prospective research design and utilized a whole-group sampling method to conduct non-cycloplegic spot photo screenings on 37,938 students from 44 primary and secondary schools in Xuzhou City, China. A one-year study was conducted to gather spherical equivalent refraction (SER), and subsequent analysis was carried out to explore the disparities in myopia prevalence among primary and secondary school students within the same academic year, as well as the progression of myopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 2022 academic year, the overall prevalence of myopia in the first and second semesters was 62.6 and 64.2% respectively, indicating an increasing trend. Particularly in primary school (Grades 1\u20136), the prevalence of myopia increased with higher grade levels, and significant variations in myopia prevalence were observed mainly in grades 1\u20133 and 7 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The incidence rate of myopia in middle school remained stable, while in primary school, there was a positive correlation between myopia incidence and the grade level, with the highest rate of 20.1% in grade 6. Among the myopic population, the median value of spherical equivalent refraction slightly decreased between the two semesters. The proportion of high myopia increased among students in grades 5\u20138.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study revealed that within one academic year, the prevalence of myopia and the severity of myopia have significantly increased in Xuzhou City, China, accompanied by an increase in the proportion of high myopia. For different grade levels, we should adopt personalized prevention and control measures, with a particular focus on lower grade levels and students who have just entered a new grade.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1391269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T04:48:16Z","timestamp":1720586896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in myopia development among Chinese children and adolescents in Xuzhou during one academic year"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.09.01","article-title":"Who needs myopia control?","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718724","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.718724","article-title":"Cost of myopia correction: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Foo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0836-9","article-title":"Incidence of myopia and biometric characteristics of premyopic eyes among Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1151","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and progression of myopia of school children in Hong Kong","volume":"45","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.8","article-title":"Annual incidences and progressions of myopia and high myopia in Chinese schoolchildren based on a 5-year cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001972","article-title":"Relatively stable prevalence of myopia among Swedish children aged 4 to 7 years between 2015 and 2020","volume":"100","author":"Bro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140258","article-title":"Five-year progression of refractive errors and incidence of myopia in school-aged children in Western China","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0565","article-title":"Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children","volume":"46","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"volume-title":"Opinions on comprehensive prevention and control of Myopiaamong children and adolescents in Jiangsu Province (Su education, sports, health and arts: No. 7)","year":"2019","key":"ref11"},{"volume-title":"Specification for screening of refractive error in primary and secondary school students (WS\/T 663\u20132020)","year":"2020","key":"ref12"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12907","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for myopia and high myopia: a cross-sectional study among Han and Uyghur students in Xinjiang, China","volume":"42","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e525","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14343","article-title":"The trend of myopia rate in 61 350 children and adolescents: a cross-sectional research in Ningbo","volume":"98","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhejiang Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000195567.88641.af","article-title":"Prevalence rate of myopia in schoolchildren in rural Mongolia","volume":"83","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0804","article-title":"Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children","volume":"49","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120764","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of myopia in high-school students in Beijing","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002590","article-title":"Prevalence and time trends of myopia in children and adolescents in China: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02436-5","article-title":"High prevalence of myopia and low hyperopia reserve in 4411 Chinese primary school students and associated risk factors","volume":"22","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-020-00733-4","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of myopia in Hong Kong primary school students","volume":"64","author":"Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001344","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors in schoolchildren in North India","volume":"96","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-1316-6","article-title":"Factors associated with myopia in Korean children: Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey 2016\u20132017 (KNHANES VII)","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2019144","article-title":"School-based programme to address childhood myopia in Singapore","volume":"62","author":"Karuppiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.3103","article-title":"Current prevalence of myopia and association of myopia with environmental factors among schoolchildren in Japan","volume":"137","author":"Yotsukura","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S328281","article-title":"Effect of sunshine duration on myopia in primary school students from northern and southern China","volume":"14","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S251218","article-title":"The prevalence of myopia and factors associated with it among secondary school children in rural Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188198","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1188198","article-title":"Association of educational environment with the prevalence of myopia: a cross-sectional study in Central China","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2016.02.006","article-title":"Association between time spent on physical exercise, sleep, homework and suspected myopia among students","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13195","article-title":"Emmetropic eye growth in east Asians and non-east Asians","volume":"43","author":"Yii","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26247","article-title":"Axial growth and lens power loss at myopia onset in Singaporean children","volume":"60","author":"Rozema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000145028.53923.67","article-title":"Normal eye growth in emmetropic schoolchildren","volume":"81","author":"Zadnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001591","article-title":"Myopia epidemic post\u2013coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"97","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2658","article-title":"Incidence of and factors associated with myopia and high myopia in Chinese children, based on refraction without cycloplegia","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050060050022","article-title":"Changes of refraction in schoolchildren","volume":"103","author":"M\u00e4ntyj\u00e4rvi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.790303.x","article-title":"The development of myopia in Hong Kong children","volume":"79","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970751","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.970751","article-title":"Trends of myopia development among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16719-z","article-title":"Effects of school myopia management measures on myopia onset and progression among Chinese primary school students","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1391269\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T04:48:20Z","timestamp":1720586900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1391269\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2024.1391269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1391269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-858X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"article-number":"1391269"}}