{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:16:47Z","timestamp":1791839807515,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008750","name":"Shanghai Hospital Development Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHDC22023227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22023227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008750","name":"Shanghai Hospital Development Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHDC22022202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is frequently associated with various infections, including mycoses; however, the direct link between T1DM and fungal infections remains under-researched. This study utilizes a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the potential causal relationship between T1DM and mycoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic variants associated with T1DM were sourced from the European Bioinformatics Institute database, while those related to fungal infections such as candidiasis, pneumocystosis, and aspergillosis were obtained from the Finngen database, focusing on European populations. The primary analysis was conducted using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, with additional insight from Mendelian randomization Egger regression (MR-Egger). Extensive sensitivity analyses assessed the robustness, diversity, and potential horizontal pleiotropy of our findings. Multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) was employed to adjust for confounders, using both MVMR-IVW and MVMR-Egger to evaluate heterogeneity and pleiotropy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetically, the odds of developing candidiasis increased by 5% in individuals with T1DM, as determined by the IVW method (OR\u2009=\u20091.05; 95% CI 1.02\u20131.07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001), with a Bonferroni-adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value of 0.008. Sensitivity analyses indicated no significant issues with heterogeneity or pleiotropy. Adjustments for confounders such as body mass index, glycated hemoglobin levels, and white blood cell counts further supported these findings (OR\u2009=\u20091.08; 95% CI:1.03\u20131.13, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0006). Additional adjustments for immune cell counts, including CD4 and CD8 T cells and natural killer cells, also demonstrated significant results (OR\u2009=\u20091.04; 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0002). No causal associations were found between T1DM and other fungal infections like aspergillosis or pneumocystosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This MR study suggests a genetic predisposition for increased susceptibility to candidiasis in individuals with T1DM. However, no causal links were established between T1DM and other mycoses, including aspergillosis and pneumocystosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1408297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T04:48:51Z","timestamp":1718340531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Causal relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus and mycoses: a Mendelian randomization 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