{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:37:14Z","timestamp":1781710634741,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetuses with growth abnormalities are at an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate if placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), or the sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio were efficient predictive factors of adverse neonatal outcomes in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective observational multicenter cohort study was performed between 2020 and 2023. At the time of the SGA fetus diagnosis, serum angiogenic biomarker measurements were performed. The primary outcome was an adverse neonatal outcome, diagnosed in the case of any of the following: &amp;lt;34\u2009weeks of gestation: mechanical ventilation, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III or IV, and neonatal death before discharge; \u226534\u2009weeks of gestation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III or IV, and neonatal death before discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 192 women who delivered SGA newborns were included in the study. The serum concentrations of PlGF were lower, leading to a higher sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio in the adverse outcome group. No significant differences in sFlt-1 levels were observed between the groups. Both PlGF and sFlt-1 had a moderate correlation with adverse neonatal outcomes (PlGF: R\u2009\u2212\u20090.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; sFlt-1: 0.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). The sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio showed a correlation of 0.6 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) with adverse outcomes. The uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) and the sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio were identified as the only independent risk factors for adverse outcomes. An sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio of 19.1 exhibited high sensitivity (85.1%) but low specificity (35.9%) in predicting adverse outcomes and had the strongest correlation with them. This ratio allowed the risk of adverse outcomes to be assessed as low with approximately 80% certainty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio seems to be an efficient predictive tool in adverse outcome risk assessment. More studies on large cohorts of SGA-complicated pregnancies with and without preeclampsia are needed to develop an optimal and detailed formula for the risk assessment of adverse outcomes in SGA newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1414381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T20:21:36Z","timestamp":1718223696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Is the sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio efficient in predicting adverse neonatal outcomes in small-for-gestational-age newborns? A prospective observational multicenter cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kosi\u0144ska-Kaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Chaberek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Szymecka-Samaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Brawura-Biskupski-Samaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Czapska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"\u017bebrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Dera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Madzelewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"G\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Borawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"W\u0142och","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22134","article-title":"ISUOG practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of small-for-gestational-age fetus and fetal growth restriction","volume":"56","author":"Lees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884","article-title":"Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure","volume":"48","author":"Gordijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00055","article-title":"Neonatal morbidities of fetal growth restriction: pathophysiology and impact","volume":"10","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eAO6781","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2022AO6781","article-title":"In-hospital outcomes in preterm and small-for-gestational-age newborns: a cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Einstein (S\u00e3o Paulo)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.02.008","article-title":"Term small-for-gestational-age infants from low-risk women are at significantly greater risk of adverse neonatal outcomes","volume":"218","author":"Madden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.05.011","article-title":"Cardiovascular programming in children born small for gestational age and relationship with prenatal signs of severity","volume":"207","author":"Crispi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279017","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2279017","article-title":"Small for gestational age at preterm birth identifies adverse neonatal outcomes more reliably than antenatal suspicion of fetal growth restriction","volume":"36","author":"Alda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90298-4","article-title":"Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements--a prospective study","volume":"151","author":"Hadlock","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19073","article-title":"Fetal Medicine Foundation fetal and neonatal population weight charts","volume":"52","author":"Nicolaides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5603\/AH.a2019.011","article-title":"Management of hypertension in pregnancy \u2014 prevention, diagnosis, treatment and long-term prognosis. 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