{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:45:27Z","timestamp":1791049527176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to clinically and genetically assess 30 unrelated consanguineous Pakistani families from various ethnic backgrounds, all exhibiting features of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted clinical, genetic, biochemical, and molecular analyses on 30 consanguineous families with NDDs enrolled from various regions of Pakistan. The likely molecular causes of primary microcephaly and NDDs were identified. Detailed clinical investigations and molecular diagnoses were performed using whole exome sequencing (WES) of the proband, followed by Sanger sequencing for validation and segregation in the available family members of the affected families.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      WES identified likely disease-causing homozygous variants in 30 unrelated consanguineous families. Six families presented newly described variants in known NDD-related genes:\n                      <jats:italic>ABAT<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.1439\u2009T\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G; p.Phe480Cys) [OMIM613163],\n                      <jats:italic>SLC12A6<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.2865_2865insT; p.Glu955Asnfs*5) [OMIM 218000],\n                      <jats:italic>SHANK3<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.1305-3_1,305-2delTT; p.Gln29-_Gly305del) [OMIM 606232],\n                      <jats:italic>BCKDK<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.356_356insC; p.Gly119Alafs*24) [OMIM 614923],\n                      <jats:italic>DDHD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.2065G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009T; p.Asp689Tyr) [OMIM 615033],\n                      <jats:italic>ERCC2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.1255G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009A; p.Glu419Lys) [OMIM 610756]. Additionally, 12 families had previously reported disease-causing variants associated with different types of NDDs:\n                      <jats:italic>ATRX<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.109C\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009T; p.Arg37*) [OMIM 309580],\n                      <jats:italic>GPR56<\/jats:italic>\n                      [\n                      <jats:italic>ADGRG1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ] (c.1423C\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009T; p.Arg475*) [OMIM 606854],\n                      <jats:italic>NAGLU<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.1694G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009A; p.Arg565Gln) [OMIM 252920],\n                      <jats:italic>DOLK<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.3G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009A; p.Met1Ile) [OMIM 610768],\n                      <jats:italic>GPT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.815C\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009T; p.Ser272Leu) [OMIM 616281],\n                      <jats:italic>DYNC1I2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.607\u2009+\u20091G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009A; p.?) [OMIM 618492],\n                      <jats:italic>FBXL3<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.885delT; p.Leu295Phefs25*) [OMIM 606220],\n                      <jats:italic>LINGO1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.869G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009A; p.Arg290His) [OMIM 618103], and\n                      <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c.3978G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009A; Trp1326*, c.9557C\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G; p.Ser3186*, c.6994C\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009T; p.Arg2332*) [OMIM 608716]. All the identified variants showed segregation compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the present study, we observed a high frequency of\n                      <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants in the genetic analysis of 30 consanguineous families exhibiting features of NDDs, particularly those associated with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. These findings contribute to studies on genotype\u2013phenotype correlation, genetic counseling for families, and a deeper understanding of human brain function and development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1424753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T01:06:49Z","timestamp":1724980009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The genetic cause of neurodevelopmental disorders in 30 consanguineous families"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sohail Aziz","family":"Paracha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoaib","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tahir 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