{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T07:57:13Z","timestamp":1785830233923,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) reduce the risk of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), usually taken once daily in the morning. However, the circadian activity of autonomic regulation suggests that the highest need for anticholinergic therapy may be in the late night\/early morning. This is supported by evidence that AECOPD most often begins in the morning. Furthermore, the trough spirometry effect of LAMA is lower than the peak effect, which further argues that evening dosing may be more optimal than morning dosing. This trial aims to determine whether evening administration of LAMA reduces hospitalization-requiring AECOPD or death from all causes within 1\u2009year as compared to morning administration of the same LAMA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized controlled open-label trial. Persons aged 30\u2009years or older with a once-daily LAMA prescription and a confirmed COPD diagnosis were recruited. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either morning or evening LAMA administration. Complete follow-up for the primary outcome, hospitalization-requiring AECOPD, or death from all causes within 1\u2009year was captured from the Danish National Health Register, as were patient-reported outcome assessments at 6 and 12\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 10,013 participants were randomized, and the recruitment process started on 9 March 2023. Secondary outcomes include (i) moderate COPD exacerbations; (ii) all-cause hospitalization; (iii) ICU admission; (iv) need for non-invasive ventilation; and (v) all-cause mortality, among others. All outcomes will be evaluated 12\u2009months after recruitment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical trial registration:<\/jats:bold><jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>, NCT05563675.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1430169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:06:01Z","timestamp":1722956761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AM\/PM dosing of LAMA for COPD: a randomized controlled trial protocol using digital recruitment and registries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pradeesh","family":"Sivapalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdemar","family":"R\u00f8mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Wirenfeldt 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