{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:25:38Z","timestamp":1787934338840,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a kind of brain-eating amoeba leading to granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) with a high mortality rate and limited effective treatment options. Its underlying pathological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we presented a 58-year-old man with\n                    <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    meningoencephalitis, who died 33\u2009days after onset. In this unique case, we introduced the use of ventriculoscopy in the treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    meningoencephalitis. Through ventriculoscopy, we observed that the inflammatory response triggered by the disease was diffuse and extensive throughout the ventricles and meninges, not limited to the region of parasite invasion. Furthermore, under the precise guidance of ventriculoscopy, we implemented drug lavage therapy and intraventricular drainage, which, to a certain extent, managed to mitigate the progression of hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension. Despite the unfortunate outcome of the patient\u2019s death due to brainstem hemorrhage, we reiterate the crucial role that surgical intervention plays in both diagnosing and managing amoebic encephalitis. This underscores the need for continued research and innovation in surgical techniques to enhance patient outcomes and combat this challenging neurological condition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1431225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T23:46:51Z","timestamp":1732060011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Application of ventriculoscopy in granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: a case report in China and literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zequan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fajun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aili","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyou","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.12.2750-2756.1990","article-title":"Leptomyxid ameba, a new agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and animals","volume":"28","author":"Visvesvara","year":"1990","journal-title":"ASM J CD"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005031","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005031","article-title":"A Balamuthia survivor","volume":"3","author":"Vollmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMMCR"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.07.009","article-title":"Is Balamuthia mandrillaris a public health concern worldwide?","volume":"29","author":"Lorenzo-Morales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1835447","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris infection in China: a retrospective report of 28 cases","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x","article-title":"Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea","volume":"50","author":"Visvesvara","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy813","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical features of Balamuthia mandrillaris disease in the United States, 1974-2016","volume":"68","author":"Cope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.4.JNS102057","article-title":"Neurosurgical intervention in the diagnosis and treatment of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis","volume":"115","author":"Orozco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-07","article-title":"Increasing importance of Balamuthia mandrillaris","volume":"21","author":"Matin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1086\/597260","article-title":"Under the radar: balamuthia amebic encephalitis","volume":"48","author":"Schuster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-012-0266-4","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis: an emerging parasitic infection","volume":"14","author":"Bravo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47694-0","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris resistance to hostile conditions","volume":"57","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2007.06.008","article-title":"Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences","volume":"44","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-6","article-title":"Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba","volume":"5","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.149888","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris: morphology, biology, and virulence","volume":"5","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tropical Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.11.004","article-title":"Tackling infection owing to brain-eating amoeba","volume":"142","author":"Baig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800973","article-title":"Histopathologic spectrum and immunohistochemical diagnosis of amebic meningoencephalitis","volume":"20","author":"Guarner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Modern Pathol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9949","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16059949","article-title":"Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs","volume":"16","author":"Michinaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Amebic meningoencephalitis: spectrum of imaging findings","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.05.001","article-title":"Viral pathogen discovery","volume":"16","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-015-0235-2","article-title":"Clinical metagenomic identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis and assembly of the draft genome: the continuing case for reference genome sequencing","volume":"7","author":"Greninger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.12.004","article-title":"Delivery of amphotericin B nanosuspensions to the brain and determination of activity against Balamuthia mandrillaris amebas","volume":"6","author":"Lemke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00082.x","article-title":"In-vitro activity of miltefosine and voriconazole on clinical isolates of free-living amebas: Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri","volume":"53","author":"Schuster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12026","article-title":"Killing the dead: chemotherapeutic strategies against free-living cyst-forming protists (Acanthamoeba sp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris)","volume":"60","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02051-18","article-title":"Functional assessment of 2,177 U.S. and international drugs identifies the Quinoline Nitroxoline as a potent Amoebicidal agent against the pathogen Balamuthia mandrillaris","volume":"9","author":"Laurie","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(00)00232-9","article-title":"Encephalitis due to a free-living amoeba (Balamuthia mandrillaris): case report with literature review","volume":"53","author":"Deol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.21389-17.3","article-title":"Endoscopic Management of Intraventricular Neurocysticercosis","volume":"29","author":"Kaif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.08.059","article-title":"Ventriculoscopic approach for intraventricular Neurocysticercosis: a single neurosurgical Center's experience","volume":"107","author":"Zhenye","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.239319","article-title":"Neuroendoscopic evaluation and treatment for cerebral ventricular infection","volume":"131","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1431225\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T23:46:54Z","timestamp":1732060014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1431225\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2024.1431225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1431225","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"article-number":"1431225"}}