{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1787026742734,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although its role has been debated, temporal artery biopsy (TAB) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of cranial giant cell arteritis (GCA). The specificity of TAB is excellent and the sensitivity, albeit lower, is comparable with other diagnostic modalities used for the diagnosis of GCA. This outpatient procedure has a low rate of complications and is well integrated in the majority of healthcare systems. The length of the specimen, the number of the examined sections and the prolonged use of glucocorticoids before the biopsy may affect the outcome of the TAB as diagnostic tool. The typical histological findings in GCA are often characterized by granulomatous inflammation with infiltration of mononuclear cells with or without the presence of giant cell, varying degrees of external and internal elastic lamina damage and intimal thickening. Overlooking signs of inflammation in the adventitia and in connective tissue surrounding the temporal artery may lead to false negative results. The distinction between healed arteritis and age-related atherosclerosis may be challenging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1453462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T08:23:30Z","timestamp":1727252610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Temporal artery biopsy in giant cell arteritis: clinical perspectives and histological patterns"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pavlos","family":"Stamatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Turesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aladdin J.","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Arteritis of temporal vessels: report on 7 cases","volume":"1937","author":"Horton","year":"1937","journal-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.4065\/81.8.1071","article-title":"The early history of Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: first descriptions to 1970","volume":"81","author":"Hunder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ard-2023-224543","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224543","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update","volume":"83","author":"Dejaco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41774","article-title":"2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the Management of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"73","author":"Maz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013199","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013199.pub2","article-title":"Halo sign on temporal artery ultrasound versus temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis","volume":"2","author":"Pouncey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.01.007","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: a nationwide, population-based cohort study on incidence, diagnostic imaging, and glucocorticoid treatment","volume":"51","author":"Therkildsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez385","article-title":"Sensitivity of temporal artery biopsy in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"T9","article-title":"The utility of color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Giant cell arteritis: a prospective, masked study. 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