{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T02:31:45Z","timestamp":1793673105127,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007949","name":"Swedish Rheumatism Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-02256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-02256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007949","name":"Swedish Rheumatism Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R-993724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-993724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) assessed by immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy are associated with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD) and can be detected years before onset of clinical symptoms. Recent data indicate dysregulation of the immune system with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including type I interferons (IFN), in ANA-positive versus ANA-negative individuals. Herein, the aims were to investigate IF-ANA, ANA fine specificities, and IFN-\u03b1 protein levels in relation to self-reported symptoms, as well as clinical signs, of SARD in a large group of healthy blood donors (HBD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sera from 825 HBD (48.8% females) were included. IF-ANA was assessed, using HEp-2 cells, according to the routine at the accredited laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Link\u00f6ping University Hospital. All samples were analyzed for IgG-ANA fine specificities using addressable laser bead assay (ALBIA) at the same laboratory. IFN-\u03b1 was determined using ELISA. Antibody-positive individuals, and their sex- and age-matched antibody-negative controls, were asked to fill a questionnaire regarding symptoms associated with SARD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 130 HBD (15.8%) were positive with IF-ANA and\/or ALBIA. Anti-U1RNP was significantly more common among women. Generally, self-reported symptoms correlated poorly with IF-ANA and\/or ALBIA results. Two females with high levels of Ro60\/SSA, Ro52\/SSA and IFN-\u03b1 reported mild sicca symptoms and were diagnosed with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease after clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A considerable proportion of apparently HBD are autoantibody positive, but without clear association to self-reported symptoms. Nevertheless, the combination of autoantibodies, relevant symptoms and high IFN-\u03b1 levels identified the small proportion of individuals with SARD in the study population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1455673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T04:42:50Z","timestamp":1724128970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Screening for autoimmune diseases in apparently healthy antinuclear antibody positive individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rama","family":"Andraos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awais","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Wirestam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Dahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Frodlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"R\u00f6nnelid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alf","family":"Kastbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Sj\u00f6wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00541","article-title":"Autoantibodies associated with connective tissue diseases: what meaning for clinicians?","volume":"9","author":"Didier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.184","article-title":"Autoantibodies and SLE: the threshold for disease","volume":"10","author":"Olsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933","article-title":"Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"349","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102579","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies predate symptom onset of ANCA-associated vasculitis. 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