{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:33:49Z","timestamp":1780626829683,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can cause herpes zoster (HZ), which may progress to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), leading to severe inflammatory responses and pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the relationship between pain duration characteristics and pain intensity in patients with herpes zoster-related pain, hypothesizing that persistent pain correlates with higher pain intensity compared to intermittent pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China. Data from patients treated for herpes zoster-related pain between January 2019 and February 2024 were analyzed. Pain intensity was measured using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11), and pain duration was categorized as intermittent or persistent. Multivariate regression models were used to assess the association between pain duration and intensity, adjusting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 840 patients were included. Persistent pain was significantly associated with higher NRS-11 scores compared to intermittent pain (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.71, 95% CI 0.50\u20130.91, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001). Subgroup analyses showed that persistent pain was associated with higher pain intensity in both acute HZ and PHN patients (HZ: <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.71, 95% CI 0.45\u20130.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001; PHN: <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.76, 95% CI 0.40\u20131.13, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001). Inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count, were positively correlated with pain intensity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pain duration significantly impacts pain intensity in HZ patients. Considering pain duration is crucial for effective pain management. Further research should explore the mechanisms underlying persistent pain to develop better treatment strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1466214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T04:28:41Z","timestamp":1730953721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The relationship between pain duration characteristics and pain intensity in herpes zoster-related pain: a single-center retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengrong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongbin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887892","article-title":"Dynamic immune landscape and VZV-specific T cell responses in patients with herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041132","article-title":"Advances and perspectives in the management of varicella-zoster virus infections","volume":"26","author":"Andrei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1086\/510206","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster","volume":"44","author":"Dworkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004833","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004833","article-title":"Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective","volume":"4","author":"Kawai","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1403062","article-title":"Clinical practice. Postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"371","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e076321","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076321","article-title":"Effectiveness of the live zoster vaccine during the 10 years following vaccination: real world cohort study using electronic health records","volume":"383","author":"Klein","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00039-3","article-title":"Post-licensure zoster vaccine effectiveness against herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Mbinta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1792290","article-title":"A systematic literature review to assess the burden of herpes zoster disease in China","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-37","article-title":"The impact of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia on quality-of-life","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"117","article-title":"Prediction of quality of life by self-efficacy, pain intensity and pain duration in patient with pain disorders","volume":"4","author":"Yazdi-Ravandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105328","article-title":"Dosage matters: uncovering the optimal duration of pain neuroscience education to improve psychosocial variables in chronic musculoskeletal pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis with moderator analysis","volume":"153","author":"Salazar-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.10.026","article-title":"Patient perspective on herpes zoster and its complications: an observational prospective study in patients aged over 50 years in general practice","volume":"153","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz174","article-title":"Linking persistent pain and frailty in older adults","volume":"21","author":"Guerriero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0647.21","article-title":"Influence of severity and duration of anterior knee pain on quadriceps function and self-reported function","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1048","article-title":"Impact of etiology and duration of pain on pharmacological treatment effects in painful polyneuropathy","volume":"21","author":"Sindrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2023.07.006","article-title":"Does pain duration and other variables measured at baseline predict re-referral of low back pain patients managed on an evidence-based pathway? A cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Jess","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07479-z","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with herpes zoster in England: a cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England","volume":"22","author":"Cadogan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020192","article-title":"Herpes zoster: a review of clinical manifestations and management","volume":"14","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02156-y","article-title":"Risk factors for herpes zoster infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis unveiling common trends and heterogeneity patterns","volume":"52","author":"Steinmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000512","article-title":"The relationship between pain-induced autonomic arousal and perceived duration","volume":"19","author":"Piovesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.047","article-title":"How a clock can change your pain? The illusion of duration and pain perception","volume":"152","author":"Pomares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2020-0093","article-title":"Factors associated with intermittent, constant, and mixed pain in people with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"74","author":"Hoteit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiother Can"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.10.005","article-title":"Relationship of knee pain to time in moderate and light physical activities: data from osteoarthritis initiative","volume":"47","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.12.010","article-title":"Chronic pain reconsidered","volume":"138","author":"Von Korff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18125","article-title":"Impact of persistent pain on function, cognition, and well-being of older adults","volume":"71","author":"Ritchie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1826","article-title":"Persistent moderate to severe pain and long-term cognitive decline","volume":"25","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002183","article-title":"Many patients with persistent pain 1 year after TKA report improvement by 5 to 7 years: a mixed-methods study","volume":"480","author":"Sellevold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000887","article-title":"Pain and pharmacologic pain management in long-stay nursing home residents","volume":"158","author":"Hunnicutt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration","volume":"4","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.005","article-title":"Validity of four pain intensity rating scales","volume":"152","author":"Ferreira-Valente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15831","article-title":"Joint European Academy of Neurology-European Pain Federation-Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment","volume":"30","author":"Truini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101658-20220705-00106","article-title":"The design and practice of Chinese scale for the diagnosis and assessment of neuropathic pain","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Painol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70102-4","article-title":"Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15115","article-title":"Identification of herpes zoster high-risk group using Charlson comorbidity index: a nationwide retrospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0442-1","article-title":"When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials\u2014a practical guide with flowcharts","volume":"17","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01674-w","article-title":"The duration of chronic low back pain is associated with acute postoperative pain intensity in lumbar fusion surgery: a prospective observational study","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-024-10480-2","article-title":"Intrusive mental imagery in chronic pain: prevalence and associations with common comorbidities","volume":"48","author":"Maxwell Watts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065483","article-title":"Is pain intensity really that important to assess in chronic pain patients? A study based on the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP)","volume":"8","author":"Bromley Milton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-007-6088-4","article-title":"Nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines correlate with pain intensity in chronic pain patients","volume":"56","author":"Koch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5334","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and recovery sleep prior to a noxious inflammatory insult influence characteristics and duration of pain","volume":"39","author":"Vanini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000770","article-title":"Persistent postoperative pain: mechanisms and modulators","volume":"32","author":"Gulur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33434","article-title":"Prevalence of reported knee pain over twelve years in a community-based cohort","volume":"64","author":"Soni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2019-0049","article-title":"Scoping review of pain and patient characteristics and physical function associated with intermittent and constant pain in people with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"73","author":"Hoteit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiother Can"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00902-1","article-title":"Incidence and burden of herpes zoster in Sweden: a regional population-based register study","volume":"13","author":"S\u00f6dergren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002760","article-title":"Adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine decreases herpes zoster-associated pain and the use of pain medication across 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"164","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.01.361","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for neuropathic pain: systematic review and French recommendations","volume":"176","author":"Moisset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03076-2","article-title":"Multimodal non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: mechanisms and progress","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219971","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.1219971","article-title":"Editorial: psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain","volume":"4","author":"Paroli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.07.006","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fentanyl buccal tablets for breakthrough pain: efficacy and safety in Japanese cancer patients","volume":"47","author":"Kosugi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2017.s92","article-title":"Responsible, safe, and effective prescription of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines","volume":"2","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-022-00585-9","article-title":"Patient-reported chronic pain intensity: more than meets the eye","volume":"15","author":"Langford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1466214\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T04:28:49Z","timestamp":1730953729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1466214\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2024.1466214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1466214","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"article-number":"1466214"}}