{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:33:24Z","timestamp":1784820804482,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study examines the relationship between ocular rotations and cardiovascular functions through detailed biomechanical analysis. The study documents specific patterns of ocular movements and their synchronization with cardiovascular activity, highlighting significant correlations. These findings provide a basis for understanding the opto-biomechanical interplay between ocular and cardiovascular dynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Authors employed a custom-designed prototype, integrating a camera and numerical pulse oximeter, to analyze the right eyeballs of participants. The corneal surface reflections were recorded, along with concurrent blood pulsation (BP) signal acquisition. Numerical analysis helped determine the reflection positions and orientations to study eye movements and corneal deformations. Time and frequency domain analyses, including coherence functions, were utilized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant correlations were found between variations in corneal curvature, selected fixational eye movements (FEM) parameters, and Pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF), revealing synchronized expansions of the corneal surfaces with cardiovascular activity. Furthermore, FEM displayed spectral correlations with BP, indicating an interrelation between ocular rotations and cardiovascular functions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings reveal the complex interactions between the cornea and Pulsatile Ocular Blood Flow (POBF), as well as between Fixational Eye Movements (FEM) and POBF. While the influence of POBF on both corneal dynamics and FEM is clear, further research is necessary to directly link corneal dynamics and FEM. These insights hold potential for non-invasive diagnostic applications and provide a deeper understanding of ocular biomechanics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1484449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T04:26:43Z","timestamp":1733804803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pilot study on the dynamic interactions between cardiac activity and corneal biomechanics during eye movements"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohammadali","family":"Shahiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henryk","family":"Kasprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Asejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_646_17","article-title":"Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface","volume":"66","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-0174-x","article-title":"Biomechanical diagnostics of the cornea","volume":"7","author":"Esporcatte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Vision"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00066","article-title":"A review of structural and biomechanical changes in the cornea in aging, disease, and photochemical crosslinking","volume":"7","author":"Blackburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.10.044","article-title":"Determining in vivo biomechanical properties of the cornea with an ocular response analyzer","volume":"31","author":"Luce","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Keratoconus Diagnosis and Management. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109266","article-title":"Orientation and depth-dependent mechanical properties of the porcine cornea: experiments and parameter identification","volume":"224","author":"Nambiar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106540","article-title":"In-vivo high-speed biomechanical imaging of the cornea using Corvis ST and digital image correlation","volume":"153","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.484824","article-title":"Opto-mechanical self-adjustment model of the human eye","volume":"14","author":"Shahiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733531","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.733531","article-title":"Eye movement and pupil measures: a review","volume":"3","author":"Mahanama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198212000-00007","article-title":"Diurnal variations of corneal topography and thickness","volume":"59","author":"Kiely","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Optic"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"The Ocular Circulation. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease.","author":"Kiel","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.192922","article-title":"Continuous intraocular pressure monitoring with a wireless ocular telemetry sensor: initial clinical experience in patients with open angle glaucoma","volume":"95","author":"Mansouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12211","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of the keratoconic cornea: a review","volume":"98","author":"Vellara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184840","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1184840","article-title":"How can corneal biomechanics help with clinical applications?","volume":"11","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2021.100074","article-title":"Review of ex-vivo characterisation of corneal biomechanics","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Novel Technol Dev"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.004","article-title":"Effect of cornea material stiffness on measured intraocular pressure","volume":"41","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2014.03.021","article-title":"In vivo characterization of corneal biomechanics","volume":"40","author":"Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2012.00775.x","article-title":"Phase dependencies between longitudinal corneal apex displacement and cardiovascular signals: is the ocular pulse influenced by the electrical activity of the heart?","volume":"95","author":"Danielewska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1179\/1743284714Y.0000000612","article-title":"Determination of corneal biomechanical propertiesin vivo: a review","volume":"31","author":"Gatzioufas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181783a70","article-title":"Young\u2019s modulus in normal corneas and the effect on applanation tonometry","volume":"85","author":"Hamilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.09.031","article-title":"Influence of corneal biomechanical properties on intraocular pressure measurement: Quantitative analysis","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Catar Refrac Surgery"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20000701-03","article-title":"The cornea is not a piece of plastic","volume":"16","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2006.00415.x","article-title":"Dynamics in longitudinal eye movements and corneal shape","volume":"26","author":"Iskander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dependences between kinetics of the human eye pupil and blood pulsation","volume-title":"Applications of digital image processing XXXIX","author":"Szmigiel","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/12.825680","article-title":"Analysis of keratoscopic images for detecting fixational eye movements and ocular surface deformation","author":"Kowalska","year":""},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2211-15.2016","article-title":"Microsaccades are coupled to heartbeat","volume":"36","author":"Ohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272349","article-title":"Seeing the Forrest through the trees: oculomotor metrics are linked to heart rate","volume":"17","author":"Hoogerbrugge","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06700.x","article-title":"Applications of high-speed videokeratoscopy","volume":"88","author":"Iskander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1109\/10.797986","article-title":"Predicting vestibular, proprioceptive, and biomechanical control strategies in normal and pathological head movements","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01648-9","article-title":"Small head movements increase and colour noise in data from five video-based P\u2013CR eye trackers","volume":"54","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2022431","article-title":"Ultrasonic measurement of fine head movements in a standard ophthalmic headrest","volume":"59","author":"Kasprzak","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79219-9","article-title":"The effect of changes in cardiovascular activity on corneal biomechanics and pulsation in rabbits","volume":"10","author":"Anto\u0144czyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"169","article-title":"Measurement of fine dynamic changes of corneal topography by use of interferometry.","author":"Kasprzak","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.13.33","article-title":"Heartbeat-induced corneal axial displacement and strain measured by high-frequency ultrasound elastography in human volunteers","volume":"9","author":"Kwok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.03.015","article-title":"Biomechanics and wound healing in the cornea","volume":"83","author":"Dupps","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.004","article-title":"What biomechanical properties of the cornea are relevant for the clinician?","volume":"52","author":"Kotecha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032428","volume-title":"Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures (4th ed.).","author":"Bendat","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1348","article-title":"The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception","volume":"5","author":"Martinez-Conde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.08.010","article-title":"Microsaccades: small steps on a long way","volume":"49","author":"Rolfs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953590","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.953590","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanobiology of cornea: from bench side to the clinic","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2021.100073","article-title":"Review of in-vivo characterisation of corneal biomechanics","volume":"11","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Novel Technol Dev"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00084-1","article-title":"Microsaccades uncover the orientation of covert attention","volume":"43","author":"Engbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnlssr.2023.07.003","article-title":"Eye movement evidence in investigative identification based on experiments","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Saf Sci Resil"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13039-7_32","article-title":"Correlations between longitudinal corneal apex displacement, head movements, and pulsatile blood flow","volume-title":"XII Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2010","author":"Danielewska","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90011-6","article-title":"Instability of ocular torsion during fixation: cyclovergence is more stable than cycloversion","volume":"34","author":"Van Rijn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vis Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1484449\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T04:26:48Z","timestamp":1733804808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1484449\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2024.1484449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1484449","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"article-number":"1484449"}}