{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:19:28Z","timestamp":1793305168985,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>ACE2 and TMPRSS2 represent the major gateways for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. The presence of functional ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genetic polymorphisms that affect gene expression may affect the risk of severe form of COVID-19 and its fatal outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and patients<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational study enrolled 178 hospitalized patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the University Clinical Centre of Kragujevac, Serbia. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were gathered at admission. Genotyping for single nucleotide polymorphisms of <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic> (rs2106809 and rs2074192) and <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic> (rs2070788 and rs4818239) was performed using the Real-Time PCR method with TaqMan assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlling for other factors of influence, such as CCI, N\/L ratio, LDH level, and pO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, we showed that females with <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic> rs2070788 A\/A genotype were less likely to develop severe COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (95% CI)]: 0.030 [0.001; 0.862]). Additionally, the likelihood of dying of SARS-CoV-2 infection was lower in female carriers of at least one <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic> rs2106809 C allele (OR [95% CI]: 0.004 [0.000; 0.981]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic> rs2070788 and <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic> rs2106809 polymorphisms as independent predictors of severity and outcome of COVID-19 in females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1493815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T06:44:07Z","timestamp":1734504247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genetic polymorphisms as potential predictors of COVID\u221219 severity and outcome in 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