{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:19:32Z","timestamp":1761664772709,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study systematically examines the effects of chronic oral methadone use on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients participating in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in Qazvin City, Iran. Methadone, a synthetic <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>-opioid receptor agonist, is predominantly utilized for the management of opioid dependence and pain relief; however, there is growing concern regarding its potential nephrotoxic effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An observational cross-sectional study was executed involving 150 participants who had been on methadone syrup for a minimum duration of 2\u202fyears. Comprehensive data pertaining to demographic variables, methadone dosage, and serum creatinine levels were meticulously gathered at baseline, as well as at 3 and 6\u202fmonths. GFR was calculated utilizing the Cockcroft-Gault formula.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrate that, while the mean GFR values remained within the normal range, a significant correlation was observed between methadone dosage and a reduction in GFR; specifically, higher dosages were associated with lower GFR values. In contrast, the duration of methadone use did not significantly affect GFR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings indicate that, although methadone dosage may influence renal function, long-term methadone therapy does not inherently exacerbate the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in this population. This underscores the critical need for diligent monitoring of methadone dosages to mitigate the risk of potential renal impairment and highlights the importance of further research into the long-term implications of methadone on renal health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1496505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T06:26:37Z","timestamp":1734589597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the effect of chronic and continuous use of methadone on the glomerular filtration rate of patients receiving oral methadone (syrup)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Valiollah Goudarzvand","family":"Chegini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir Mohammad","family":"Kazemifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir Ershad","family":"Tavakolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arian Ghannadi","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arsalan Jamali Pour","family":"Sofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darya","family":"Ipchian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahand","family":"Kamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehran Ebrahimi","family":"Varkiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/341826","article-title":"Prognostic factors in acute methadone toxicity: a 5-year study","volume":"2014","author":"Aghabiklooei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2004.05.002","article-title":"Methadone--metabolism, pharmacokinetics and interactions","volume":"50","author":"Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/J354v19n04_05","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of methadone","volume":"19","author":"Lugo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-009-0006-0","article-title":"Methadone: a new old drug with promises and pitfalls","volume":"13","author":"Trafton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Implementing family services at mental health clinics","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2011.620601","article-title":"Methadone: a review of drug-drug and pathophysiological interactions","volume":"48","author":"Kapur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comprehensive review of opioid dependence treatment in Iran: a focus on methadone maintenance therapy","volume":"14","author":"Ekhtiari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"22","article-title":"The evolution of opioid dependence management in Iran: from punishment to treatment","volume":"10","author":"Momtazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3757-1","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of methadone: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Alinejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703705","article-title":"Liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids: an experimental long-term treatment model","volume":"30","author":"Atici","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-019-0236-z","article-title":"Methadone associated long term hearing loss and nephrotoxicity; a case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"A case of heroin-induced sensorineural hearing loss. Case reports","volume":"2014","author":"Aulet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01378.x","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis and brain ischemic stroke in a heroin-dependent male under methadone maintenance therapy","volume":"120","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000646","article-title":"Pain management in patients with chronic and end-stage kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13681021","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease from Polyvinylpyrrolidone deposition in persons with intravenous drug use","volume":"17","author":"Stalund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.01.428","article-title":"Nephropathy in illicit drug abusers: a postmortem analysis","volume":"63","author":"Buettner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1809","article-title":"Case of thesaurismosis caused by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)","volume":"48","author":"Bert","year":"1972","journal-title":"La semaine des hopitaux: organe fonde par l\u2019Association d\u2019enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"656","article-title":"Apropos of a case of thesaurismosis due to polyvinylpyrrolidone with predominant renal localization","volume":"74","author":"Gr\u00fcnfeld","year":"1968","journal-title":"J D\u2019urologie et de Nephrologie"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_470","article-title":"Injection of pharmaceuticals designed for oral use: harms experienced and effective harm reduction through filtration","volume":"34","author":"McLean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0075-CR","article-title":"Renal lipidosis in patients enrolled in a methadone substitution program","volume":"138","author":"Porubsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1363122","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome among patients with heroin use disorders on methadone therapy: prevalence, characteristics, and related factors","volume":"39","author":"Vallecillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst Abus"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1496505\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T06:26:39Z","timestamp":1734589599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1496505\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2024.1496505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1496505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-858X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"article-number":"1496505"}}