{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:27:47Z","timestamp":1793330867144,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of functional melanocytes in the hair follicles and epidermis, leading to white patches on the skin and mucous membranes. Alopecia areata (AA) is a common immune-mediated condition in which autoimmune attack on hair follicles cause non-scarring hair loss. Both diseases significantly impact patients\u2019s physical and mental health. Hair follicles, dynamic mini-organs, house diverse stem cell populations that form hair structures. Melanocyte stem cell (McSCs) and hair follicle stem cells (HFSC) located in the hair follicle bulge contribute to follicular structures during each anagen phase of the hair cycle, synchronizing periodic activities to impact color to the hair. Hair follicle dysfunction may contribute to hair loss and could potentially interfere with repigmentation efforts in vitiligo lesions. This article reviews the role of hair follicles in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic options for vitiligo and AA, aiming to deepen clinicians\u2019 understanding of follicular involvement in these diseases and explore potential treatment avenues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1510363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T12:19:09Z","timestamp":1736943549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pathogenesis and regenerative therapy in vitiligo and alopecia areata: focus on hair follicle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Yun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Mei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.08.038","article-title":"Vitiligo skin is imprinted with resident memory cd8 t cells expressing CXCR3.","volume":"138","author":"Boniface","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.711080","article-title":"Editorial: Immunology of vitiligo.","volume":"12","author":"Seneschal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810201","article-title":"Markers of metabolic abnormalities in vitiligo patients.","volume":"25","author":"Papaccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac088","article-title":"Stratification of alopecia areata reveals involvement of CD4 T cell populations and altered faecal microbiota.","volume":"210","author":"Bain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S334727","article-title":"Evaluating the therapeutic potential of ritlecitinib for the treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"16","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Mar\u00edn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.12.029","article-title":"Association between vitiligo and hearing loss.","volume":"85","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.1688","article-title":"Vitiligo.","volume":"157","author":"LeWitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.07.039","article-title":"Vitiligo is not a cosmetic disease.","volume":"73","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12701","article-title":"Regulation of melanocyte stem cell behavior by the niche microenvironment.","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05960-6","article-title":"Dedifferentiation maintains melanocyte stem cells in a dynamic niche.","volume":"616","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1635","article-title":"STEM CELLS. 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