{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:32:58Z","timestamp":1790371978446,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been identified as a central factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic condition characterized by frequent recurrence and various adverse effects of traditional therapies. While treatments targeting the gut microbiota show promise, their efficacy in IBD management still requires extensive evaluation. Our systematic review analyzes recent studies to elucidate the advancements and challenges in treating IBD using microbial-based therapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through a comprehensive systematic review spanning key scientific databases\u2014PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar\u2014we scrutinized the impact of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on individuals with IBD. Our detailed analysis covered study and participant demographics, along with seven key outcome measures: disease activity index, inflammatory markers, serum cytokines, microbiome composition, adverse effects, and the rates of remission and relapse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 6,080 initial search hits, we included 71 studies that assessed various interventions compared to placebo or standard medical therapy. Although there was notable variation in clinical results while assessing different outcomes, overall, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics enhanced the success rates in inducing remission among IBD patients. Furthermore, we noted significant reductions in levels of pro-inflammatory markers and cytokines. Additionally, the requirement for steroids, hospitalization, and poor outcomes in endoscopic and histological scores were significantly reduced in individuals undergoing FMT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our investigation highlights the potential of targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis with microbial-based therapies in patients with IBD. We recommend conducting larger, placebo-controlled randomized trials with extended follow-up periods to thoroughly assess these treatments\u2019 clinical efficacy and safety before widespread recommendations for clinical application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1435030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:54:55Z","timestamp":1739861695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of current evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Farah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradipta","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anfal Sher","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparajita","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u2019ad","family":"Laws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Chaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.013","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"94","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Alatab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000360664","article-title":"A review of the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease with a focus on diet, infections and antibiotic","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exposure"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.16.1.26","article-title":"Immunological pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01571","article-title":"Microbial-based therapies in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease \u2013 an overview of human studies","volume":"9","author":"Basso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093211","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics on metabolic diseases targeting gut microbiota: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.02.009","article-title":"The microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: current status and the future ahead","volume":"146","author":"Kostic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00900","article-title":"The gut-brain Axis, the human gut microbiota and their integration in the development of obesity","volume":"9","author":"Bliss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01710-y","article-title":"A consortia of clinical E. coli strains with distinct in vitro adherent\/invasive properties establish their own co-colonization niche and shape the intestinal microbiota in inflammation-susceptible mice","volume":"11","author":"Bleich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a001651","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-B pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/435268","article-title":"Gut microbial Flora, prebiotics, and probiotics in IBD: their current usage and utility","volume":"2013","author":"Scaldaferri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5224-5231.1998","article-title":"Resident enteric Bacteria are necessary for development of spontaneous colitis and immune system activation in Interleukin-10-deficient mice","volume":"66","author":"Sellon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9","article-title":"Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"569","author":"Lloyd-Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac194","article-title":"Searching for a consensus among inflammatory bowel disease studies: a systematic meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042320-021020","article-title":"The gut microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"73","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02503-5","article-title":"Clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: the international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"538","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: the Ochsner experience","volume":"14","author":"Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194003","article-title":"Dietary patterns and gut microbiota changes in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights and future challenges","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082795","article-title":"Effect of diet and dietary components on the composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Beam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128669","article-title":"Fecal microbiota in healthy subjects following omnivore, vegetarian and vegan diets: culturable populations and rRNA DGGE profiling","volume":"10","author":"Ferrocino","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.045","article-title":"Conventional medical management of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"140","author":"Burger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622319899297","article-title":"Emerging treatments for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Hazel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12841","article-title":"Chronic steroid use: an overlooked impact on patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Farraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.218","article-title":"Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in the TREAT\u2122 registry","volume":"107","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101431","article-title":"The gut microbiome regulates the clinical efficacy of sulfasalazine therapy for IBD-associated spondyloarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.801892","article-title":"Bacterial species associated with human inflammatory bowel disease and their pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00639.x","article-title":"The Crohn\u2019s disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli strain LF82 replicates in mature phagolysosomes within J774 macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Bringer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101498","article-title":"Methods in microbiome research: past, present, and future","volume":"33","author":"Gotschlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.11.5088","article-title":"Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms","volume":"74","author":"Woese","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.68.4.669-685.2004","article-title":"Metagenomics: application of genomics to uncultured microorganisms","volume":"68","author":"Handelsman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30358-9","article-title":"Global burden of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Jairath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4947.1041","article-title":"Cortisone in ulcerative colitis","volume":"2","author":"Truelove","year":"1955","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v12.i12.504","article-title":"Assessment of disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases: non-invasive biomarkers and endoscopic scores","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2016.01.015","article-title":"Correlation between serological biomarkers and endoscopic activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"39","author":"Miranda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2019.18426","article-title":"Effects of pentasa-combined probiotics on the microflora structure and prognosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"30","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04939.x","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: the effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 rectal enema in children with active distal ulcerative colitis","volume":"35","author":"Oliva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2022.102652","article-title":"Role of a probiotic strain in the modulation of gut microbiota and cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"78","author":"Bamola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04417.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: the microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption \u2013 a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Steed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.15171\/mejdd.2020.160","article-title":"Effect of Lactocare\u00ae Synbiotic on disease severity in ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Amiriani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Middle East J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4280","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4280","article-title":"Role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Sanchez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000511641","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease: how long before abandoning single-marker approaches?","volume":"39","author":"Dragoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i13.1893","article-title":"Innovative therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Yamamoto-Furusho","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02268.x","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on active ulcerative colitis","volume":"20","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6229","article-title":"Regulation of faecal biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with oral mastiha (Pistacia lentiscus) supplement: a double-blind and placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"33","author":"Papada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-4946-2","article-title":"Efficacy of Bifidobacterium breve fermented milk in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis","volume":"63","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20816","article-title":"Probiotic preparation VSL#3 induces remission in children with mild to moderate acute ulcerative colitis: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Huynh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1159\/000322977","article-title":"Beneficial effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium and Galacto-oligosaccharide in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled study","volume":"84","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"929","article-title":"Probiotic yogurt affects pro-and anti-inflammatory factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Shadnoush","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2015.65.4.215","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"65","author":"Shadnoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"PI126-31","article-title":"Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Tursi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00595-4","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a multi-strain probiotic in patients with asymptomatic ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Bjarnason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.016","article-title":"The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis","volume":"7","author":"Sood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037747","article-title":"Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine","volume":"53","author":"Kruis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12553","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic treatment with Bifidobacterium longum 536 for induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial","volume":"28","author":"Tamaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.001","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"149","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.045","article-title":"Findings from a randomized controlled trial of fecal transplantation for patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"149","author":"Rossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132753","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplantation versus mesalamine enema for treatment of active left-sided ulcerative colitis\u2014results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"B\u0159ezina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.001","article-title":"Specific bacteria and metabolites associated with response to fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"156","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Plaza-Diaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092","article-title":"Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Davani-Davari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112466","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Akutko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959941","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.959941","article-title":"Probiotics, their action modality and the use of multi-omics in metamorphosis of commensal microbiota into target-based probiotics","volume":"9","author":"Idrees","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216674","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674","article-title":"Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries","volume":"14","author":"Latif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.864600","article-title":"Targeting trimethylamine N-oxide: a new therapeutic strategy for alleviating atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/404752","article-title":"The effect of bifid triple viable on immune function of patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"2012","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0306-4","article-title":"Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Franzosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302578","article-title":"Connecting dysbiosis, bile-acid dysmetabolism and gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"62","author":"Duboc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.829525","article-title":"The emerging role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14689","article-title":"Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders","volume":"48","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13861","article-title":"Update on intestinal microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease 2017: mechanisms, clinical application, adverse reactions, and outlook","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9621668","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease therapeutics: a focus on probiotic engineering","volume":"2022","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103293","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: an overlooked therapy for IBD?","volume":"66","author":"Deleu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7577","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-1921-1","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics-a review","volume":"52","author":"KavitaR","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i31.3970","article-title":"Use of pre-, pro-and synbiotics in patients with acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08807.x","article-title":"Growth, viability and activity of Bifidobacterium spp. in skim milk containing prebiotics","volume":"67","author":"Bruno","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104871","article-title":"Beneficial and anti-inflammatory effects of formulated prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in normal and acute colitis mice","volume":"88","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268041","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1268041","article-title":"Reviewing the potential of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: advancements in treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"Jadhav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192452","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of the multispecies probiotic-marketed product VSL#3","volume":"13","author":"Douillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1107697","article-title":"Advancing the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein a for the treatment of intestinal disorders in humans","volume":"6","author":"Sahay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i8.1361","article-title":"Probiotic mixture VSL#3: an overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000954","article-title":"VSL#3 probiotic stimulates T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase-mediated recovery of IFN-\u03b3-induced intestinal epithelial barrier defects","volume":"22","author":"Krishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G613","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00341.2003","article-title":"Functional modulation of enterocytes by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms","volume":"286","author":"Otte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078303","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal microbiota in relation to probiotic therapy (VSL#3) in pouchitis","volume":"55","author":"K\u00fchbacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20999","article-title":"Balancing inflammatory, lipid, and xenobiotic signaling pathways by VSL#3, a biotherapeutic agent, in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Reiff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037325","article-title":"Modulation of human dendritic cell phenotype and function by probiotic bacteria","volume":"53","author":"Hart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.001","article-title":"Probiotics inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB and induce heat shock proteins in colonic epithelial cells through proteasome inhibition","volume":"127","author":"Petrof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115676","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115676","article-title":"The probiotic mixture VSL#3 dampens LPS-induced chemokine expression in human dendritic cells by inhibition of STAT-1 phosphorylation","volume":"9","author":"Mariman","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(98)00051-X","article-title":"Technology aspects related to microorganisms in functional foods","volume":"9","author":"Knorr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14907","article-title":"The effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the reduction of IBD complications, a periodic review during 2009\u20132020","volume":"130","author":"Darb Emamie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104245","article-title":"Dose-response efficacy and mechanisms of orally administered CLA-producing Bifidobacterium breve CCFM683 on DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-13","article-title":"Clinical trial: probiotic treatment of acute distal ulcerative colitis with rectally administered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN)","volume":"10","author":"Matthes","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238910","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Caldeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD012774","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012774.pub3","article-title":"Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2023","author":"Imdad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4","article-title":"Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i20.3048","article-title":"Hericium erinaceus, a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history: evidence in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"29","author":"Gravina","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85838","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20689","article-title":"Extracts from Hericium erinaceus relieve inflammatory bowel disease by regulating immunity and gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Diling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.03.005","article-title":"Polysaccharide of Hericium erinaceus attenuates colitis in C57BL\/6 mice via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation-related signaling pathways and modulating the composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"57","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1215329","article-title":"Hericium erinaceus, in combination with natural flavonoid\/alkaloid and B3\/B8 vitamins, can improve inflammatory burden in inflammatory bowel diseases tissue: an ex vivo study","volume":"14","author":"Gravina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1384-1","article-title":"Rectal administration of Lactobacillus casei DG modifies flora composition and toll-like receptor expression in colonic mucosa of patients with mild ulcerative colitis","volume":"56","author":"D\u2019Inc\u00e0","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.118","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis","volume":"104","author":"Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i33.4145","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-\u03baB activation in ulcerative colitis","volume":"16","author":"Hegazy","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5985","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i19.5985","article-title":"Effectiveness of probiotic therapy for the prevention of relapse in patients with inactive ulcerative colitis","volume":"21","author":"Yoshimatsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.11.004","article-title":"A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"5","author":"Wildt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"2891","article-title":"Efficacy of mesalazine in combination with bifid triple viable capsules on ulcerative colitis and the resultant effect on the inflammatory factors","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6559","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids combined with probiotics in treating Crohn\u2019s disease on inflammatory factors and intestinal microflora","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.06.001","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin and probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle add-on treatment in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.021","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii does not prevent relapse of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Bourreille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02927.x","article-title":"Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis","volume":"23","author":"Zocco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-4-5","article-title":"Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Schultz","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005588911207","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Guslandi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06343-0","article-title":"Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial","volume":"354","author":"Rembacken","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.232025","article-title":"Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fructo-oligosaccharides in active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Benjamin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17387","article-title":"Efficacy of 1-kestose supplementation in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"57","author":"Ikegami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03288.x","article-title":"Oral oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation in acute ulcerative colitis is well tolerated and associated with lowered faecal calprotectin","volume":"25","author":"Casellas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2012.24","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of the impact of oligofructose-enriched inulin in Crohn\u2019s disease patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"De Preter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300413","article-title":"Effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OF-IN) on bacterial composition and disease activity of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: results from a double-blinded randomised controlled trial: table 1","volume":"61","author":"Joossens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv136","article-title":"Dietary intake of inulin-type fructans in active and inactive Crohn\u2019s disease and healthy controls: a case\u2013control study","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.05.033","article-title":"Prebiotic fructans have greater impact on luminal microbiology and CD3+ T cells in healthy siblings than patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: a pilot study investigating the potential for primary prevention of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"40","author":"Hedin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1526583","article-title":"Inulin-type fructans improve active ulcerative colitis associated with microbiota changes and increased short-chain fatty acids levels","volume":"10","author":"Valcheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103598","article-title":"Prebiotic galactooligosaccharide supplementation in adults with ulcerative colitis: exploring the impact on peripheral blood gene expression, gut microbiota, and clinical symptoms","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2019.18356","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic therapy in mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"30","author":"Kamarli Altun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000175905.00212.2c","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind trial of Lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn\u02bcs disease","volume":"11","author":"Bousvaros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666181221150352","article-title":"Probiotics efficacy on oxidative stress values in inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Ballini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx002.035","article-title":"OP036 Short duration, low intensity pooled faecal microbiota transplantation induces remission in patients with mild-moderately active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Costello","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i10.1521","article-title":"Effects of probiotic on intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-9517-0","article-title":"Effect of probiotic use on adverse events in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Dore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.044834","article-title":"Synbiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium longum\/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled pilot trial","volume":"54","author":"Furrie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520801943354","article-title":"Influence of Saccharomyces boulardii on the intestinal permeability of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in remission","volume":"43","author":"Garcia Vilela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-7-36","article-title":"Effect of oral lactulose on clinical and immunohistochemical parameters in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Hafer","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.22","article-title":"Consistent prebiotic effect on gut microbiota with altered FODMAP intake in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomised, controlled cross-over trial of well-defined diets","volume":"7","author":"Halmos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00225.x","article-title":"Double\u2010blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Kruis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21222","article-title":"Immunosuppressive effects via human intestinal dendritic cells of probiotic bacteria and steroids in the treatment of acute ulcerative colitis","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref138","first-page":"2","article-title":"Oat bran increased fecal butyrate and prevented gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis\u2014randomized controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Nyman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2016.044","article-title":"The long-term effects of probiotics in the therapy of ulcerative colitis: A clinical study","volume":"160","author":"Palumbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Pap."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.31688\/ABMU.2022.57.1.07","article-title":"Effect of dietary probiotics on intestinal microbiota in patients with crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Pavel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Balk Med Union."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-0792-5","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation to maintain remission in Crohn\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Sokol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz060","article-title":"Role of faecal microbiota transplantation for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Sood","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000307","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplant effect on clinical outcomes and fecal microbiome in active Crohn\u02bcs disease","volume":"21","author":"Suskind","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.218","article-title":"Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind, randomized","volume":"105","author":"Tursi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placebo-Controlled Study. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000893","article-title":"Increased intestinal microbial diversity following fecal microbiota transplant for active Crohn\u02bcs disease","volume":"22","author":"Vaughn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106661","article-title":"Pilot study of cytokine changes evaluation after fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-015-1261-9","article-title":"The effect of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI on the prevention of pouchitis and alteration of the microbiota profile in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"46","author":"Yasueda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Today."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.18227","article-title":"Effect of administering kefir on the changes in fecal microbiota and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1435030\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:55:06Z","timestamp":1739861706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1435030\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":148,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1435030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1435030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"article-number":"1435030"}}