{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:44:09Z","timestamp":1781534649715,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to type 2 diabetes (T2D), with reduced insulin sensitivity being a key factor in their disrupted metabolic processes. The single point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) is a novel index. This study aims to explore the association between SPISE and NAFLD in T2D population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included a total of 2,459 patients with T2D. SPISE was calculated based on high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and body mass index (BMI). Participants were categorized into NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups based on the results of ultrasonographic diagnosis. The relationship between SPISE and NAFLD was analyzed separately for each gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of NAFLD is 38.5%. In females and males, the SPISE was significantly reduced in the NAFLD group compared to the non-NAFLD group (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The prevalence of NAFLD showed a significant reduction across quartiles of the SPISE in both genders (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Additionally, univariate correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between SPISE and NAFLD (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, a reduced SPISE was identified as an independent risk factor for NAFLD (odds ratios of 0.572 and 0.737, 95% CI of 0.477\u20130.687 and 0.587\u20130.926, respectively).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Moreover, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for SPISE was 0.209 in females and 0.268 in males (95% CI of 0.175\u20130.244 and 0.216\u20130.320, respectively). These results are more meaningful than those of other variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>SPISE is significantly reduced in NAFLD patients with T2D. Compared to other indicators, SPISE demonstrates superior predictive value in diagnosing NAFLD, and it is independent of gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1454938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T07:15:16Z","timestamp":1737530116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between SPISE and NAFLD in patients with type 2 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