{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:56:06Z","timestamp":1792076166463,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of myopia among school children has risen markedly over the last three decades. In urban areas of South and East Asia, as many as 80\u201390% of young adults are now myopic. This trend is occurring elsewhere around the world. During the COVID-19 lockdowns, children in many countries were confined indoors and spent an undue amount of time exposed to television screens, computers, and mobile devices. This resulted in an acceleration in the incidence and progression of the condition. Myopia is a significant public health issue as it is a leading cause of blindness and other vision problems. Yet the underlying mechanisms that produce the condition remain elusive. Pseudomyopia has recently been proposed as an independent risk factor for myopia. We hypothesize that pseudomyopia induced by prolonged close work, stress, and anxiety combines and is further amplified by chronically low ambient light levels. If time spent outdoors in daylight is restricted, the effects worsen and together may play a significant part in myopia epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1481209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T05:52:03Z","timestamp":1751435523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Myopia and daylight\u2014A combination of factors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Hobday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00eblle","family":"Aarts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Cajochen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Maierova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"M\u00fcnch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Osterhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Wulff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"5","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","article-title":"The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology","volume":"6","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01594","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1594","article-title":"Investigation of the psychological health of first-year high school students with myopia in Guangzhou","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.029","article-title":"Potential Lost productivity resulting from the global burden of myopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modeling","volume":"3","author":"Naidoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3","article-title":"IMI Risk factors for myopia","volume":"5","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7","article-title":"The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia","volume":"1","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? 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