{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:00:33Z","timestamp":1753891233954,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>The conventional risk factors for cardiocerebral vascular events (CVCs) in non-Hemodialysis (HD) patients cannot be directly applied to HD patients due to the unique characteristics of this population. More accurate information on the risk of progression to CVCs is needed for clinical decisions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop and validate time-dependent predictive models for the progression of CVCs in HD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, setting, and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development and validation of time-dependent predictive models using demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 3 dialysis centers between 2017 and 2021. These models were developed using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression and assessed for discrimination using the concordance index, goodness of fit using the Akaike information criterion and net reclassification improvement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>CVCs included acute heart failure, acute hematencephalon, cardiac or brain-derived death, acute myocardial infarction, acute cerebral infarction, ischemic cardiomyopathy, unstable angina pectoris, and stable angina pectoris.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development and validation cohorts included 233 and 215 patients, respectively. The most accurate model included age, sex, hemoglobin, serum albumin, serum phosphate, white blood cell count, blood flow rate and ultrafiltration volume during HD (C index, 0.704; 95% CI, 0.639\u20130.768 in the development cohort and 0.775; 95% CI, 0.706\u20130.843 in the validation cohort). In the validation cohort, this model was more accurate than a model containing variables whose <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value in the Cox proportional hazards regression was less than 0.05 (NRI: 0.351, 95% CI: \u22120.115\u20130.565).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A time-dependent model using routinely obtained laboratory tests can accurately predict progression to CVCs in HD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1481866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:36:27Z","timestamp":1749015387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A time-dependent predictive model for cardiocerebral vascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients: insights from a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haowen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengbi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingye","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqiu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongquan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.032","article-title":"Survival improvements for Europeans with ESKD","volume":"98","author":"Foster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018050531","article-title":"Projecting ESRD incidence and prevalence in the United States through 2030","volume":"30","author":"McCullough","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61601-9","article-title":"Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review","volume":"385","author":"Liyanage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.4046","article-title":"Assessment of global kidney health care status","volume":"317","author":"Bello","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.07.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease: pioneering studies","volume":"98","author":"Drueke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.11.1808","article-title":"Clinical demographics and long-term prognosis after stroke in patients on chronic haemodialysis. 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