{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:04:11Z","timestamp":1790377451325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have an increased risk of complications when they undergo sedation or general anesthesia. However, due to improvements in cardiopulmonary therapies during anesthetic care, patients with DMD are experiencing an unprecedented duration of survival. We performed a systematic analysis to assess the benefits and risks of pharmacological interventions for the management of anesthesia and sedation in DMD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included any type of study reporting any drug intervention to manage anesthesia and sedation in participants previously diagnosed with DMD. Our primary outcomes were the onset time, recovery time, and neurodevelopmental disabilities. Seven electronic databases and three clinical trial registry platforms were searched. Data from the eligible studies were combined to calculate pooled risk ratios or standardized mean differences, and some included studies are presented in a narrative synthesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty studies with 196 DMD participants were included in the analysis. Compared with those of the control group, the sensitivity of patients with DMD to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) may have resulted in a prolonged onset time [MD = \u22120.96, 95% CI (0.71, 2.60), <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 33%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001] and recovery time [MD = 2.22, 95% CI (1.14, 3.30), <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 76%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001] from anesthesia. The neuromuscular blocking effects showed a significant age dependence in DMD patients, and the safe use of 2 mg\/kg sugammadex to antagonize deep neuromuscular blockade and rapid recovery has been reported. Furthermore, DMD patients are at risk of developing malignant hyperpyrexia with general\/inhaled anesthesia, and dantrolene is often used for effective rescue. In addition, general anesthesia and central neuraxial blockade in patients with severe DMD are unsafe because respiratory depression and myocardial complications may occur after the administration of volatile anesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants (succinylcholine) during the induction of anesthesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with DMD are more sensitive to NMBAs with delayed onset times and prolonged recovery times. Precautions for DMD patients should include quantitative neuromuscular monitoring, electrocardiographic monitoring and rapid airway protection throughout anesthesia. Compared with general anesthesia, regional anesthesia may be a relatively safe option.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1497538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T06:43:45Z","timestamp":1737960225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacological interventions for the management of anesthesia and sedation in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xianghong","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunzhu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.14.4778","article-title":"Specific cloning of DNA fragments absent from the DNA of a male patient with an X chromosome deletion","volume":"82","author":"Kunkel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/318672a0","article-title":"Cloning of the breakpoint of an X; 21 translocation associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"318","author":"Ray","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S93873","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"12","author":"Mah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200007000-00005","article-title":"Rapacuronium administration to two children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy","volume":"91","author":"Frankowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03020.x","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy: how I do it? Regional or general anesthesia?","volume":"19","author":"Caliskan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198708000-00017","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of bupivacaine during epidural anesthesia in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Murat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.82810","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine-ketamine sedation during bone marrow aspirate and biopsy in a patient with duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"5","author":"Rozmiarek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198803000-00028","article-title":"Anesthesia-related complications in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"68","author":"Sethna","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2007.02302.x","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an old anesthesia problem revisited","volume":"18","author":"Hayes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq036","article-title":"Anaesthesia and the sex-linked dystrophies: between a rock and a hard place","volume":"104","author":"Hopkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283566789","article-title":"Anaesthetic management in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy undergoing orthopaedic surgery: a review of 232 cases","volume":"29","author":"Muenster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03178.x","article-title":"Reversal of rocuronium-induced profound neuromuscular block by sugammadex in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"19","author":"de Boer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680568","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/680568","article-title":"Sugammadex and reversal of neuromuscular block in adult patient with duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"2014","author":"Wefki Abdelgawwad Shousha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aat.2014.02.005","article-title":"Usefulness of sugammadex in a patient with Becker muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"52","author":"Shimauchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00596.x","article-title":"Cardiac arrest during desflurane anaesthesia in a patient with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy","volume":"49","author":"Smelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9502300521","article-title":"Cardiac arrest during major spinal scoliosis surgery in a patient with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy undergoing intravenous anaesthesia","volume":"23","author":"Irwin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"S38","article-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. the cochrane collaboration","volume":"5","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","article-title":"Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument","volume":"73","author":"Slim","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg."},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Joanna Briggs Instatute Reviewers' Manual: 2016 Edition","year":"2016"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Higgins\n              JPT\n            \n            \n              Thomas\n              J\n            \n            \n              Chandler\n              J\n            \n            \n              Cumpston\n              M\n            \n            \n              Li\n              T\n            \n            \n              Page\n              MJ\n            \n          \n          Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022)\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6456","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006456","article-title":"Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block and sugammadex in pediatric patient with duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case report","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S150037","article-title":"Adult patient with Becker dystrophy undergoing orthopedic surgery: an anesthesia challenge","volume":"11","author":"Parish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2011.61.2.159","article-title":"How should we monitor pediatric patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy? A case report","volume":"61","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19733","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019733","article-title":"Laparoscopic gynecological surgery in an adult woman with Becker muscular dystrophy performed with sevoflurane with cisatracurium anesthesia: a case report","volume":"99","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-015-2127-4","article-title":"Peripheral nerve blocks as the sole anesthetic technique in a patient with severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"30","author":"Bang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anesth."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5505\/agri.2014.34713","article-title":"Regional anaesthesia in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient for upper extremity amputation","volume":"26","author":"B\u00fcget","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agri."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03013547","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis in association with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy","volume":"46","author":"Obata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40981-017-0134-1","article-title":"The ultrasound-guided nerve blocks of abdominal wall contributed to anesthetic management of cholecystectomy in a patient with Becker muscular dystrophy without using muscle relaxants","volume":"3","author":"Iwata","year":"2017","journal-title":"JA clinical reports."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"181","article-title":"Use of remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxant combined with intrathecal morphine in children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy undergoing spinal surgery","volume":"56","author":"Richa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Liban."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-70942005000400009","article-title":"Anesthesia for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients: case reports","volume":"55","author":"Saldanha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2008.02456.x","article-title":"Anesthetic management of a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy undergoing correction of Fallot's tetralogy","volume":"18","author":"Kocabas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00501.x","article-title":"Intravenous anaesthesia combined with peribulbar block in a child with suspected Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"48","author":"Rajmala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.83134","article-title":"Propofol-induced violent coughing in a patient with Becker's muscular dystrophy","volume":"43","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Use of ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve block as a sole anaesthetic technique in a high-risk patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","author":"Vandepitte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Belg."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2004.05.009","article-title":"Anaesthetic management during labour of a manifesting carrier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","author":"Molyneux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth14."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2011.03634.x","article-title":"Anesthesia for a child suffering from a deletion in the Xp21 loci resulting in Duchenne disease, glycerol kinase deficiency, and congenital adrenal hypoplasia","volume":"21","author":"Van Obbergh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8852","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i29.8852","article-title":"Anesthesia management in a pediatric patient with Becker muscular dystrophy undergoing laparoscopic surgery: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28209","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028209","article-title":"Anesthetic management with remimazolam for a pediatric patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"100","author":"Horikoshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03027134","article-title":"Cardiac arrest following inhalation induction of anaesthesia in a child with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy","volume":"33","author":"Sethna","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can Anaesth Soc J."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14497.x","article-title":"Cardiac arrest after isoflurane anaesthesia in a patient with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy","volume":"45","author":"Chalkiadis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S180867","article-title":"Caudal epidural block instead of general anesthesia in an adult with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"11","author":"Shafy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_913_20","article-title":"Combination of regional anaesthetic techniques in a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy carrier undergoing mastectomy","volume":"65","author":"Rathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006(","article-title":"Continuous infusion propofol general anesthesia for dental treatment in patients with progressive muscular dystrophy","volume":"52","author":"Kawaai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Prog."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.94788","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and fentanyl combination for procedural sedation in a case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"5","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5151.94899","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine-ketamine sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy in a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and egg allergy","volume":"2","author":"Raman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03010977","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy and malignant hyperthermia\u2013two case reports","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can Anaesth Soc J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-021-02925-9","article-title":"Early extubation after left ventricular assist device implantation in a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case report","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anesth."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(91)90025-N","article-title":"Fatal rhabdomyolysis complicating general anaesthesia in a child with Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"1","author":"Bush","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819daf31","article-title":"Influence of disease progression on the neuromuscular blocking effect of mivacurium in children and adolescents with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"110","author":"Ihmsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200505000-00009","article-title":"Onset and duration of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"102","author":"Wick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.01870.x","article-title":"Rocuronium 0.3 mg x kg-1 (ED95) induces a normal peak effect but an altered time course of neuromuscular block in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy","volume":"16","author":"Muenster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199802000-00013","article-title":"The response of patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy to neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium","volume":"88","author":"Ririe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12387","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and ketamine sedation for muscle biopsies in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"24","author":"Kako","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0458","article-title":"American College of Chest Physicians consensus statement on the respiratory and related management of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy undergoing anesthesia or sedation","volume":"132","author":"Birnkrant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-17.2.142","article-title":"Pro-con debate: etomidate or ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in pediatric patients","volume":"17","author":"Scherzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12229","article-title":"Cardiac considerations in the operative management of the patient with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"Cripe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1905-x","article-title":"The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Vasile","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006868130002","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse","volume":"183","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80956-7","article-title":"A juvenile form of glycerol kinase deficiency with episodic vomiting, acidemia, and stupor","volume":"104","author":"Ginns","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-005-0101-2","article-title":"Glycerol kinase deficiency presenting with hypodipsia, osmotic diuresis and severe hy-hypernatremia","volume":"28","author":"Mak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2008.02733.x","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on intraoperative motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Tobias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318182a467","article-title":"Motor and somatosensory evoked potentials are well maintained in patients given dexmedetomidine during spine surgery","volume":"109","author":"Bala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181aa5cf6","article-title":"Malignant hyperthermia and muscular dystrophies","volume":"109","author":"Gurnaney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000107938.80562.75","article-title":"A review of intrathecal and epidural analgesia after spinal surgery in children","volume":"98","author":"Tobias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181d41dc2","article-title":"Gabapentin use in pediatric spinal fusion patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Rusy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq035","article-title":"Perioperative cardiac arrest in a patient with previously undiagnosed Becker's muscular dystrophy after isoflurane anaesthesia for elective surgery","volume":"104","author":"Poole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181cf949a","article-title":"Perioperative pregabalin improves pain and functional outcomes 3 months after lumbar discectomy","volume":"110","author":"Burke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197802000-00012","article-title":"Anesthesia induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with Duchenne'smuscular dystrophy","volume":"48","author":"Miller Jr","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198302000-00013","article-title":"Malignant hypothermia in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"58","author":"Brownell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.12.1331","article-title":"Suxamethonium associated hypertonicity and cardiac arrest in unsuspected pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy","volume":"54","author":"Linter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(70)90523-3","article-title":"Fatal postanesthetic complications in two muscular dystrophic patients","volume":"5","author":"Boba","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2014.17","article-title":"Dysregulation of calcium homeostasis in muscular dystrophies","volume":"16","author":"Vallejo-Illarramendi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880140603","article-title":"Effect of dantrolene in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"14","author":"Bertorini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12248","article-title":"Anesthesia and Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy: review of 117 anesthetic exposures","volume":"23","author":"Segura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1497538\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T06:43:52Z","timestamp":1737960232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1497538\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1497538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1497538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"article-number":"1497538"}}