{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:47:26Z","timestamp":1787978846736,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pterygium, a prevalent ocular disorder, requires accurate severity assessment to optimize treatment and alleviate patient suffering. The growing patient population and limited ophthalmologist resources necessitate efficient AI-based diagnostic solutions. This study aims to develop an automated grading system combining deep learning and image processing techniques for precise pterygium evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed system integrates two modules: 1) A semantic segmentation module utilizing an improved TransUnet architecture for pixel-level pterygium localization, trained on annotated slit-lamp microscope images from clinical datasets. 2) A severity assessment module employing enhanced curve fitting algorithms to quantify pterygium invasion depth in critical ocular regions. The framework merges deep learning with traditional computational methods for comprehensive analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The semantic segmentation model achieved an average Dice coefficient of 0.9489 (0.9041 specifically for pterygium class) on test datasets. In clinical validation, the system attained 0.9360 grading accuracy and 0.9363 weighted F1 score. Notably, it demonstrated strong agreement with expert evaluations (Kappa coefficient: 0.8908), confirming its diagnostic reliability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AI-based diagnostic method proposed in this study achieves automatic grading of pterygium by integrating semantic segmentation and curve fitting technology, which is highly consistent with the clinical evaluation of doctors. The quantitative evaluation framework established in this study is expected to meet multiple clinical needs beyond basic diagnosis. The construction of the data set should continue to be optimized in future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1507226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T16:34:16Z","timestamp":1741883656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A semantic segmentation-based automatic pterygium assessment and grading 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