{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:49:58Z","timestamp":1790884198961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) arises from an imbalance between harmful factors like gastric acid and pepsin, and the protective mechanisms of the gastrointestinal lining, particularly the mucus\u2013bicarbonate barrier. Standard treatments include proton pump inhibitors (e.g., lansoprazole) and histamine H\u2082-receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine), but these can have adverse effects. <jats:italic>Withania coagulans<\/jats:italic>, a plant used in Ayurvedic medicine, has traditionally been considered to have anti-ulcer properties. This study investigated the potential of <jats:italic>W. coagulans<\/jats:italic> fruit extract to protect against gastric ulcers, possibly via H\u2082 receptor antagonism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the gastroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of <jats:italic>W. coagulans<\/jats:italic> fruit extract in a rat model of gastric ulcer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A dose\u2013response study was conducted using rats divided into six groups: na\u00efve, ulcer control, and four groups treated with <jats:italic>W. coagulans<\/jats:italic> extract (1, 5, 10, or 20\u202fmg\/kg). Acidified ethanol was used to induce ulcers. In another experiment, pylorus-ligated rats were used to assess the extract\u2019s effect on gastric acid secretion in response to dimaprit, a histamine analog. For efficacy comparison, rats were pretreated with <jats:italic>W. coagulans<\/jats:italic>, lansoprazole, or ranitidine before ulcer induction. Gastric tissues were analyzed for biochemical markers, including cytokines, mucus, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and myeloperoxidase activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 10\u202fmg\/kg dose was most effective in reducing gastric ulceration. The extract reduced gastric acid secretion, like H\u2082 blockers. It also showed stronger antioxidant activity in gastric tissues compared to lansoprazole and ranitidine. Additionally, it reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL-6), increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-\u03b2), enhanced mucus and PGE2 production, and lowered myeloperoxidase activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Withania coagulans<\/jats:italic> fruit extract at 10\u202fmg\/kg significantly protects against acid-induced gastric ulcers. Its effects are comparable to H\u2082 receptor blockers and include notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:24:30Z","timestamp":1750829070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Withania coagulans fruit extract antiulcerogenic effect: comparative study with lansoprazole and ranitidine in rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Naheed","family":"Amir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Abu Damir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karam","family":"Ghazal-Aswad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukhtar","family":"Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Bastaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Adeghate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdu","family":"Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00102","article-title":"Gastroduodenal mucus bicarbonate barrier protection against acid and pepsin","volume":"288","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Phys Cell Phys"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03960.x","article-title":"Systematic review: the global incidence and prevalence of peptic ulcer disease","volume":"29","author":"Sung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"The treatment and risk factors of peptic ulcer bleeding. Doctoral dissertation","author":"Udd","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.05.002","article-title":"Alendronate induces gastric damage by reducing nitric oxide synthase expression and NO\/cGMP\/KATP signaling pathway","volume":"40","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"32","article-title":"Zollinger-ellison syndrome: not your average peptic ulcer disease","volume":"27","author":"Tooker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01535944","article-title":"Effect of aging on gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin, and antral gastric content in rats","volume":"33","author":"Khalil","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90816-8","article-title":"Age-related reductions in gastric mucosal prostaglandins levels increase susceptibility to aspirine-induced injury in rats","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroentrology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.07.019","article-title":"Aging, the gastrointestinal tract and risk of acid related disease","volume":"117","author":"Greenwald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(00)00331-7","article-title":"Control of gastric acid secretion: the gastrin-ECL cell-parietal cell axis","volume":"128","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.41.030179.000343","article-title":"Regulation of gastric acid secretion","volume":"41","author":"Soll","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706094","article-title":"Somatostatin-receptor 2 (sst2)-mediated effects of endogenous somatostatin on exocrine and endocrine secretion of the rat stomach","volume":"144","author":"Fykse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0238","article-title":"Control of gastric acid secretion in somatostatin receptor 2 deficient mice: shift from endocrine\/paracrine to Neurocrine pathways","volume":"149","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026043451609","article-title":"Neuropeptides and gastric mucosal homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Gyires","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2004.06.003","article-title":"Galanin inhibits gastric acid secretion through a somatostatin- independent mechanism in mice","volume":"25","author":"Piqueras","year":"2004","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000323958","article-title":"Systematic review of the epidemiology of complicated peptic ulcer: incidence, recurrence, risk factors and mortality","volume":"84","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"40","article-title":"Interle\u012dkiny pri iazvenno\u012d bolezni zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstno\u012d kishki [Interleukins in stomach and duodenal ulcers]","volume":"191","author":"Sokolova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eksp Klin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e","article-title":"Cytokines, inflammation, and pain","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2011.10.001","article-title":"Understanding the mechanism of IL-1\u03b2 secretion","volume":"22","author":"Lopez-Castejon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.010","article-title":"The interleukin-1 family: back to the future","volume":"39","author":"Garlanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076029620938149","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029620938149","article-title":"COVID-19: coagulopathy, risk of thrombosis, and the rationale for anticoagulation","volume":"26","author":"Miesbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00490-8","article-title":"Regulation of proliferation, survival and apoptosis by members of the TNF superfamily","volume":"66","author":"Gaur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401189","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor signaling","volume":"10","author":"Wajant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.02.009","article-title":"TNF and MAP kinase signaling pathways","volume":"26","author":"Sabio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2650621","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response","volume":"265","author":"Heinrich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420945","article-title":"IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin","volume":"113","author":"Nemeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034","article-title":"The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine Interlukin-6","volume":"1813","author":"Scheller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"Kishimoto T (2014) IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.0095.x","article-title":"Peripheral CD4+ T-cell differentiation regulated by networks of cytokines and transcription factors","volume":"238","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"443","article-title":"Subserosal application of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in rats with chronic gastric ulcers: effect on gastric ulcer healing and blood flow","volume":"47","author":"Ernst","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00033-7","article-title":"Animal models in gastrointestinal ulcer research \u2013 a short appraisal of the different models and their results","volume":"17","author":"Siegmund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161120-00011","article-title":"Lansoprazole: an update of its place in the management of acid-related disorders","volume":"61","author":"Matheson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Lansoprazole, dexlansoprazole, LiverTox","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C268","article-title":"Lansoprazole- induced hepatic dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Garc\u00eda-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.09.011","article-title":"Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States","volume":"135","author":"Chalasani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geq025","article-title":"Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of gastrointestinal drugs","volume":"25","author":"Brambilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"News release: FDA alerts patients and health care professionals to nitrosamine impurity findings in certain metformin extended-release product. Agency continues investigations of nitrosamine impurities in drug products","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210794455076","article-title":"Herbal medicinesand nutraceuticals for diabetic vascular complications: mechanisms of action and bioactive phytochemicals","volume":"16","author":"Omara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.09.031","article-title":"Gastroprotective mechanisms of Citrus lemon (Rutaceae) essential oil and its majority compounds limonene and b-pinene: involvement of heat-shock protein-70, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glutathione, sulfhydryl compounds, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E","volume":"189","author":"Rozza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/481827","article-title":"Protective effects of 3, 4- Methylenedioxphenol (Sesamol) on stress-related mucosal disease in rats","volume":"2013","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.149725","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of alpha-pinene and its correlation with antiulcerogenic activity of essential oils obtained from Hyptis species","volume":"11","author":"Diniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Mag"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10885","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12583","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of -myrtenol against ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions: possible mechanisms","volume":"68","author":"Viana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.38164\/AJPER\/12.3.2023.96-104","article-title":"Evaluation of in anti-ulcer activity of flower extract of Withania coagulans","volume":"12","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Pharmaceutical Educ Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03263330","article-title":"Arunima Sinha1, Sumita Kachhwaha1, and S L KothariMicropropagation of Withania coagulans (stocks) Dunal: a critically endangered medicinal herb","volume":"18","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7849501","article-title":"Five indigenous plants of Pakistan with Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anticoagulant properties in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"2017","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp\/62.02.0001","article-title":"Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania coagulans: an Ayurvedic remedy","volume":"62","author":"Maurya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201436","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/201436","article-title":"Withania coagulans fruit extract reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"9","author":"Ojha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref47","author":"Saratha","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2024.100926","article-title":"Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of the traditional south Asian medicinal plant Withania coagulans (stocks)","volume":"47","author":"Tahir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dunal J Herbal Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5530\/phrev.2024.18.5","article-title":"Comprehensive review on Withania coagulans Dunal: unveiling pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological potentials","volume":"18","author":"Sinoriya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2014-0075","article-title":"Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract on amelioration of oxidative stress and autoantibodies production in collagen-induced arthritic rats","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Complement Integr Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226881","article-title":"Phytochemistry, food application, and therapeutic potential of the medicinal plant (Withania coagulans): a review","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22534-4","article-title":"YM022 {(R)-1-[2,3-dihydro-1-(2-methylphenyacyl)-2-oxo-5-phenyl-H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]-3-(methyphenyl)urea}, a potent and selective gastrin\/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist, prevents gastric and duodenal lesions in rats","volume":"270","author":"Nishida","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02064386","article-title":"Cholecystokinin is a potent protective agent against alcohol-induced gastric injury in the rat","volume":"40","author":"Mercer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"116P","article-title":"A method for the quantitative estimation of gastric barrier mucus","volume":"242","author":"Corne","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000245984","article-title":"Co-existence of leukoderma with features of Dowling-Degos disease: reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura spectrum in five unrelated patients","volume":"195","author":"Lestringant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9419-3","article-title":"Chronic hypergastrinemia: causes and consequences","volume":"52","author":"Orlando","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Heda","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01986679","article-title":"Dimaprit - [S-[3-(N,N- dimethylamino)propyl]isothiourea] - a highly specific histamine H2-receptor agonist. Part 1. Pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Parsons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2019.24.2.159","article-title":"Cudrania tricuspidata extract protects against reflux esophagitis by blocking H2 histamine receptors","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"412","article-title":"Biology of disease: free radicals and tissue injury","volume":"47","author":"Freeman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Antioxidant defenses and animal adaptation to oxygen availability during environmental stress, in cell and molecular response to stress","author":"Hermes-Lima","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.08.006","article-title":"Effect of Nrf2 activators on release of glutathione, cysteinylglycine and homocysteine by human U373 astroglial cells","volume":"1","author":"Steele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297917080090","article-title":"SkQ1 regulates expression of Nrf2, ARE-controlled genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, and their activity in cerebral cortex under oxidative stress","volume":"82","author":"Vnukov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"8","article-title":"Glutathione!","volume":"13","author":"Pizzorno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr Med (Encinitas)"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7962","article-title":"Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase: what the established, the intriguing, and the novel reveal about a key cellular redox switch","volume":"32","author":"Palma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"26","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and determination of antioxidant potential of fruits extracts of Withuania coagulans","volume":"3","author":"Mathur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Res Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12506462","article-title":"The measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker","volume":"78","author":"Bradlety","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/135625","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase: a new biomarker of inflammation in ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes","volume":"2008","author":"Loria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PF61","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1320608","article-title":"Effect of essential oils on the activity of human neutrophil myeloperoxidase in vitro","volume":"78","author":"P\u00e9rez-Ros\u00e9s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.2.503","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"118","author":"Dinarello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2741\/A171","article-title":"Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Feghali","year":"1997","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Withania coagulans Dunal. (paneer doda): a review","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Ayurv Herbal Med"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00200.x","article-title":"IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-a: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia\u2014the good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"67","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/ni938","volume":"4","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.683","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v21.i5.20","article-title":"Interleukin-10 in the brain","volume":"21","author":"Strle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018867630686","article-title":"Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1during gastric ulcer healing in rats","volume":"42","author":"Tominaga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.07.002","article-title":"Balancing acts: the role of TGF-\u03b2 in the mucosal immune system","volume":"17","author":"Konkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60535-0","article-title":"Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist","volume":"54","author":"Arend","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i1.136","article-title":"Expression patterns of transforming growth factor-beta and its receptors in gastric mucosa of patients with refractory gastric ulcer","volume":"11","author":"Shih","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2010.4.1.43","article-title":"Suppressed gastric mucosal TGF-\u03b21 increases susceptibility to H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation and ulceration: a stupid host defense response","volume":"4","author":"Jo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19055717","article-title":"Anti-ulcer activity of essential oil constituents","volume":"19","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"99","article-title":"The role of prostaglandins in gastric mucosal protection","volume":"107","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701953","article-title":"Prostaglandins inhibit secretion of histamine and pancreastatin from isolated rat stomach ECL cells","volume":"124","author":"Lindstrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2008","article-title":"Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn\u2019t the stomach digest itself?","volume":"88","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(86)80002-X","article-title":"Protective effects of the prostaglandins on the gastric mucosa","volume":"81","author":"Russell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31375-9","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism","volume":"268","author":"Marletta","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2011.07.002","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in prostaglandin biology; update","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"211","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06663-3","article-title":"Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Moncada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00329.x","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in inflammatory reactions","volume":"51","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"43","article-title":"A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration","volume":"5","author":"Shay","year":"1945","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544422\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:24:35Z","timestamp":1750829075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544422\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"article-number":"1544422"}}