{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:00:33Z","timestamp":1753891233634,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous studies have demonstrated a close relationship between choroidal thickness (ChT), sclera\/choroidal hypoxia, and the onset and progression of myopia. Far-infrared (FIR) therapy is a traditional method used to enhance microcirculation. In this study, we estimated the effectiveness of FIR in myopia control and explored its underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we compared the efficacy of FIR from two different sources in controlling myopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Guinea pigs were divided into three groups, all of which underwent minus lens induction for 4\u202fweeks. Two of the groups received simultaneous FIR intervention, either from a FIR radiator (FIRR) lamp or from an innovative FIR material (FIRM). Refraction, axial length (AL), ChT, and levels of hypoxia-labeled pimonidazole in the choroid and sclera were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both FIRR and FIRM inhibited increases in refraction and AL and attenuate the decrease in ChT. They also mitigated choroidal and scleral hypoxia. Compared to FIRR, FIRM demonstrated a greater effect on myopia control and hypoxia attenuation. However, the difference in AL reduction between the two FIR sources was not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>FIR effectively controls myopia, and the innovative FIR material may represent a breakthrough in myopia management in the near future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1545099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T06:12:22Z","timestamp":1743401542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhibition of lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs using a far-induced infrared ray material"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Weiwei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Jingxi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoji","family":"Erti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Xinrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huang","family":"Yifei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"6","author":"Baird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1220-0","article-title":"A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide","volume":"20","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2020.01007","article-title":"Pathologic myopia: an overview of the current understanding and interventions","volume":"2","author":"Ueta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Health Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718724","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.718724","article-title":"Cost of Myopia Correction: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Foo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.03.21","article-title":"Scleral remodeling in myopia development","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550012","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545815500121","article-title":"Geographic mapping of choroidal thickness in myopic eyes using 1050-nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Innov Opt Health Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2002.1142","article-title":"Temporal relationship of choroidal blood flow and thickness changes during recovery from form deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"74","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26397","article-title":"Changes in Choroidal Thickness and Choroidal Blood Perfusion in Guinea Pig Myopia","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.048","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"120","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002090","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in choroidal and retinal thicknesses in children with myopia shift","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.01.003","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness varied by age and refraction in children and adolescents: a 1-year longitudinal study","volume":"213","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.8","article-title":"Assessment of choroidal vascularity and choriocapillaris blood perfusion in anisomyopic adults by SS-OCT\/OCTA","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2015.29.5.309","article-title":"Choroidal blood flow change in eyes with high myopia","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21289","article-title":"Quantitative OCT Angiography of the Retinal Microvasculature and the Choriocapillaris in Myopic Eyes","volume":"58","author":"Al-Sheikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.336.13726","article-title":"Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Patients with High Myopia without Maculopathy","volume":"33","author":"Teberik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.30","article-title":"Decreased Choroidal Blood Perfusion Induces Myopia in Guinea Pigs","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.023","article-title":"Augmentation of scleral glycolysis promotes myopia through histone lactylation","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-021-07644-3","article-title":"Simulation methods and transmission characteristics of dielectric-coated metallic waveguides from mid-infrared to millimeter waves","volume":"127","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Physics B"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800420923730","article-title":"Effects of Far-Infrared Therapy on Foot Circulation Among Hemodialysis Patients With Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15371","article-title":"Far-infrared radiation alleviates cisplatin-induced vascular damage and impaired circulation via activation of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13121","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and photobiomodulation as a potential therapy?","volume":"46","author":"Ao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2017.12.002","article-title":"Influences of Pinpoint Plantar Long-Wavelength Infrared Light Irradiation (Stress-Free Therapy) on Chorioretinal Hemodynamics, Atherosclerosis Factors, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor","volume":"7","author":"Ishimaru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr Med Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77290-w","article-title":"Photobiomodulation preserves mitochondrial redox state and is retinoprotective in a rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"10","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2011.3089","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy improves visual acuity in adolescent and adult patients with amblyopia","volume":"30","author":"Ivandic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20474","article-title":"Microglia Activation and Recruitment of Circulating Macrophages During Ischemic Experimental Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion","volume":"58","author":"Ebneter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22297","article-title":"Opposing effects of PPAR\u03b1 agonism and antagonism on refractive development and form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e507","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.507","article-title":"Efficacy of far infrared functional glasses in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction-related dry eye","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.12.019","article-title":"Emmetropization and schematic eye models in developing pigmented guinea pigs","volume":"47","author":"Howlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1464195","article-title":"In vivo imaging of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve head in guinea pigs","volume":"43","author":"Jnawali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190228114318","article-title":"Far-infrared ray-mediated antioxidant potentials are important for attenuating psychotoxic disorders","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2015.BAD294","article-title":"In Vitro and in vivo studie s of the biological effects of bioceramic (a material of emitting high performance far-infrared ray) irradiation","volume":"58","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Physiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1515\/plm-2012-0034","article-title":"Far infrared radiation (FIR): its biological effects and medical applications","volume":"4","author":"Vatansever","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photonics Lasers Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.07.016","article-title":"A high-resolution three-dimensional far-infrared thermal and true-color imaging system for medical applications","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.08.015","article-title":"Far-infrared ray radiation promotes neurite outgrowth of neuron-like PC12 cells through AKT1 signaling","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253320","article-title":"Effects of far infrared light on Alzheimer\u2019s disease-transgenic mice","volume":"16","author":"Fukui","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-024-03994-4","article-title":"Advances in far-infrared research: therapeutic mechanisms of disease and application in cancer detection","volume":"39","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad032","article-title":"Far infrared treatment on the arteriovenous fistula induces changes in sVCAM and sICAM in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"38","author":"Lindhard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000752","article-title":"Potential mechanisms for the effects of far-infrared on the cardiovascular system - a review","volume":"48","author":"Shemilt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12947","article-title":"Optical changes and visual performance with orthokeratology","volume":"103","author":"Nti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000867","article-title":"Myopia control with orthokeratology: a review","volume":"48","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8067657","article-title":"Bifocal and multifocal contact lenses for presbyopia and myopia control","volume":"2020","author":"Rem\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082371","article-title":"The combined effect of low-dose atropine with orthokeratology in pediatric myopia control: review of the current treatment status for myopia","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2023.102088","article-title":"Orthokeratology combined with spectacles in moderate to high myopia adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014758.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis","author":"Lawrenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.53","article-title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments spectacle lenses changed the relative peripheral refraction: a 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.01.007","article-title":"The Efficacy of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Lenses in Slowing Myopia Progression: Results from Diverse Clinical Circumstances","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.10.17","article-title":"The Effect of Multifocal Soft Contact Lens Wear on Axial and Peripheral Eye Elongation in the BLINK Study","volume":"63","author":"Mutti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.25","article-title":"Increased Choroidal Blood Perfusion Can Inhibit Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1545099\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T06:12:23Z","timestamp":1743401543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1545099\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1545099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1545099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-858X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"article-number":"1545099"}}