{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:29:28Z","timestamp":1790872168495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005622","name":"Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005622","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human eye is a highly intricate sensory organ. When a condition requiring treatment occurs, eyedrops, which represent 90% of all ophthalmic treatments, are most frequently used. However, eyedrops are associated with low bioavailability, with less than 0.02% of therapeutic molecules reaching the anterior chamber. Thus, new delivery systems are required to ensure sufficient drug concentration over time at the target site. Gold nanoparticles are a promising avenue for drug delivery; however, they can be difficult to track in biological systems. Fluorescent gold nanoparticles, which have the same ultrastability and biocompatibility as their nonfluorescent counterpart, could act as an effective imaging tool to study their localization throughout the eye after administration. Thus, this study (1) synthesized and characterized fluorescent gold nanoparticles, (2) validated similar properties between nonfluorescent and fluorescent gold nanoparticles, and (3) determined their localization in the eye after topical application on <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> rabbit eyes. The fluorescent gold nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized, and identified in the cornea, iris, lens, and posterior segment of rabbit eyeballs, demonstrating tremendous potential for future drug delivery research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1557611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T07:10:56Z","timestamp":1742368256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Localization of fluorescent gold nanoparticles throughout the eye after topical administration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Ra\u00eeche-Marcoux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"M\u00e9thot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ange","family":"Tchatchouang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Bettoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clo\u00e9","family":"Maranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Loiseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Proulx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Rochette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Genin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lodie","family":"Boisselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/15713","article-title":"The human eye: structure and function","volume":"5","author":"Land","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000200773.00268.56","article-title":"Orbital morphology in exophthalmos and Exorbitism","volume":"117","author":"Baujat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108482","article-title":"RNA therapeutics in ophthalmology - translation to clinical trials","volume":"205","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00188","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery: a clue from nanotechnology","volume":"3","author":"Bucolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.11.001","article-title":"Dynamics and function of the tear film in relation to the blink cycle","volume":"45","author":"Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2018.12.001","article-title":"Tear film analysis and evaluation of optical quality: a review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Herbaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70138-6","article-title":"Meibomian gland function and the tear lipid layer","volume":"1","author":"McCulley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107724","article-title":"Ocular mucins in dry eye disease","volume":"186","author":"Portal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.008","article-title":"Complexity of the tear film: importance in homeostasis and dysfunction during disease","volume":"117","author":"Dartt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.019","article-title":"Functional aspects of the tear film lipid layer","volume":"78","author":"Bron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.7399\/fh.11388","article-title":"New ophthalmic drug delivery systems. Farmacia Hospitalaria: Organo Oficial de Expresion Cientifica de la Sociedad Espanola de","volume":"44","author":"Castro-Balado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Farm Hosp"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0665-y","article-title":"Eye drop technique and patient-reported problems in a real-world population of eye drop users","volume":"34","author":"Mehuys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.08.138","article-title":"A review on recent drug delivery systems for posterior segment of eye","volume":"107","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.05.035","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for drug delivery to the posterior of the eye","volume":"24","author":"Cabrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.028","article-title":"Barrier analysis of periocular drug delivery to the posterior segment","volume":"148","author":"Ranta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59071319","article-title":"The role of laser photocoagulation in treating diabetic macular edema in the era of intravitreal drug administration: a descriptive review","volume":"59","author":"Nozaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Photodynamic therapy for the eye","author":"Raizada","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100921","article-title":"Sustained suppression of VEGF for treatment of retinal\/choroidal vascular diseases","volume":"83","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0770-y","article-title":"Use of biomaterials for sustained delivery of anti-VEGF to treat retinal diseases","volume":"34","author":"Seah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.09.002","article-title":"Long-term visual outcomes and morphologic biomarkers of vision loss in eyes with diabetic macular edema treated with anti-VEGF therapy","volume":"235","author":"Borrelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.03.001","article-title":"Anti-VEGF crunch syndrome in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a review","volume":"66","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000520171","article-title":"Development of macular atrophy in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration receiving anti-VEGF treatment","volume":"245","author":"Foss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica Journal International d\u2019Ophtalmol Int J Ophthalmol Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1928629","article-title":"Ranibizumab for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"21","author":"Chatziralli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318159019f","article-title":"Subconjunctival Bevacizumab Injection for Corneal Neovascularization","volume":"27","author":"Bahar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2012.658368","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept injection for neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Ohr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20170928-01","article-title":"Ophthalmic surgery, lasers and imaging","volume":"48","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.107","article-title":"Adverse events and complications associated with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents: a review of literature","volume":"27","author":"Ghasemi Falavarjani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.07.013","article-title":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology","volume":"52","author":"Conlon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Canadien d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31550-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"392","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S236637","article-title":"The evolving treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Mansour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.275","article-title":"Diagnosis of infectious diseases of the eye","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.12.001","article-title":"The autoimmune diseases of the eyes","volume":"15","author":"de Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2022.0144","article-title":"Intracameral drug delivery: a review of agents, indications, and outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Gautam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010108","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery to the retina: current innovations and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732340","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/732340","article-title":"Dendrimeric systems and their applications in ocular drug delivery","volume":"2013","author":"Yavuz","year":"2013","journal-title":"TheScientificWorldJOURNAL"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5603\/OJ.2016.0005","article-title":"Drug bioavailability from topically applied ocular drops. Does drop size matter?","volume":"1","author":"J\u00fcnemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-010-9183-3","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Gaudana","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S30725","article-title":"Liposomes and nanotechnology in drug development: focus on ocular targets","volume":"8","author":"Honda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.02.003","article-title":"Drug delivery systems for vitreoretinal diseases","volume":"23","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2024.2358886","article-title":"An update on the latest strategies in retinal drug delivery","volume":"21","author":"Ranch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2021.1878366","article-title":"A review of nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery systems for posterior segment eye disease: challenges analysis and recent advances","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00257-7","article-title":"Therapies based on nanoparticles for eye drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"Meza-Rios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Therapy"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.01.057","article-title":"Advances and limitations of drug delivery systems formulated as eye drops","volume":"321","author":"Jumelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010090","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles for the posterior eye segment","volume":"14","author":"Bonilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1421959","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticles: innovations in ocular drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12976","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612976","article-title":"Biodegradable polymer-based drug-delivery Systems for Ocular Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Tsung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02673-x","article-title":"Trends in formulation approaches for sustained drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye","volume":"24","author":"Biswas","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.903519","article-title":"The therapeutic benefits of Nanoencapsulation in drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Bhandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12368","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212368","article-title":"Nanotechnology for topical drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye","volume":"22","author":"Vaneev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00224","article-title":"Nanoparticulate drug delivery to the retina","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.08.041","article-title":"An insight on ophthalmic drug delivery systems: focus on polymeric biomaterials-based carriers","volume":"362","author":"Shafiq","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8020082","article-title":"Drug delivery challenges and current Progress in Nanocarrier-based ocular therapeutic system","volume":"8","author":"Akhter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac46d5","article-title":"Targeted drug delivery vehicles mediated by nanocarriers and aptamers for posterior eye disease therapeutics: barriers, recent advances and potential opportunities","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121232","article-title":"Biodegradable nanoparticle for cornea drug delivery: focus review","volume":"12","author":"Mobaraki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109006","article-title":"Topical ocular drug delivery systems: innovations for an unmet need","volume":"218","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-022-02287-3","article-title":"Nanomedicine and drug delivery to the retina: current status and implications for gene therapy","volume":"395","author":"Tawfik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010173","article-title":"Emerging Nano-formulations and nanomedicines applications for ocular drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Khiev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102367","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based non-invasive strategies in ocular therapeutics: approaches, limitations to clinical translation, and safety concerns","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/50\/505101","article-title":"Intravenously administered gold nanoparticles pass through the blood\u2013retinal barrier depending on the particle size, and induce no retinal toxicity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102205","article-title":"Nanomedicine: nanotechnology","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2011.3094","article-title":"Shape dependence of gold nanoparticles onIn VivoAcute toxicological effects and biodistribution","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nanosci Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.11.030","article-title":"The inhibition of retinal neovascularization by gold nanoparticles via suppression of VEGFR-2 activation","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"1865","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3180dc9360","article-title":"Absence of histologic retinal toxicity of intravitreal NANOGOLD in a rabbit model","volume":"28","author":"Bakri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2021.101156","article-title":"Targeting nanocomposites with anti-oxidative\/inflammatory\/angiogenic activities for synergistically alleviating macular degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Mater Today"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-014-0445-8","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of gold and silica nanospheres to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis is determined by their sizes","volume":"7","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Res"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-009-0655-x","article-title":"Subretinal delivery of immunoglobulin G with gold nanoparticles in the rabbit eye","volume":"53","author":"Hayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.04.012","article-title":"Fabrication of resveratrol coated gold nanoparticles and investigation of their effect on diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"195","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B Biol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.09.003","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles downregulate VEGF-and IL-1\u03b2-induced cell proliferation through Src kinase in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"91","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.08.013","article-title":"Biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles in retinal pigment epithelial cell line","volume":"37","author":"Karako\u00e7ak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol in Vitro"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.08.014","article-title":"Biosynthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles and their loading with N-acetylcarnosine for cataract treatment","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B Biol"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Molecular vision","author":"Mitra","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10040289","article-title":"In vitro gene delivery in retinal pigment epithelium cells by plasmid DNA-wrapped gold nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Trigueros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108151","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid coating of gold nanoparticles for intraocular drug delivery: evaluation of the surface properties and effect on their distribution","volume":"198","author":"Apaolaza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.004","article-title":"Effect of gold nanoparticles on timolol uptake and its release kinetics from contact lenses: in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"86","author":"Maulvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2021.1927656","article-title":"Journal of biomaterials science","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer Edition"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102538","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ketotifen-gold nanoparticles laden contact lens for controlled drug delivery to manage conjunctivitis","volume":"64","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drug Delivery Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S91730","article-title":"Liposomal flucytosine capped with gold nanoparticle formulations for improved ocular&nbsp;delivery","volume":"10","author":"Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8036","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10743","article-title":"Effects of gold nanoparticles on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats","volume":"53","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.01.006","article-title":"Nanomedicine: nanotechnology","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066434","article-title":"BMP7 gene transfer via gold nanoparticles into stroma inhibits corneal fibrosis in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Tandon","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2011.586334","article-title":"Mucoadhesive nanomedicines: characterization and modulation of mucoadhesion at the nanoscale","volume":"8","author":"Neves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2102451","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102451","article-title":"Thiolated nanoparticles for biomedical applications: mimicking the workhorses of our body","volume":"9","author":"Hock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advan Sci"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1039\/C1NR11188D","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles: preparation, properties, and applications in bionanotechnology","volume":"4","author":"Yeh","year":"1871","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.9718","article-title":"Functionalized gold nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and applications\u2014a review","volume":"15","author":"Alex","year":"1869","journal-title":"J Nanosci Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00472C","article-title":"Role of gold nanoparticles in advanced biomedical applications","volume":"2","author":"Bansal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Advan"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150414144750","article-title":"Biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Cabuzu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics6040043","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles for diagnostics: advances towards points of care","volume":"6","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091445","article-title":"Unique roles of gold nanoparticles in drug delivery, targeting and imaging applications","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2016.2218","article-title":"Synthesis, Physico-chemical properties, and biomedical applications of gold Nanorods\u2014a review","volume":"12","author":"Marangoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomed Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162929","article-title":"Synthesis of Ultrastable gold nanoparticles as a new drug delivery system","volume":"24","author":"Masse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21509","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles in ophthalmology","volume":"39","author":"Masse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416191","article-title":"Parametric drug release optimization of anti-inflammatory drugs by gold nanoparticles for topically applied ocular therapy","volume":"23","author":"Raiche-Marcoux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0707","article-title":"Influence of Sp1\/Sp3 expression on corneal epithelial cells proliferation and differentiation properties in reconstructed tissues","volume":"44","author":"Gaudreault","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000028064","article-title":"Pathobiology: journal of immunopathology","volume":"67","author":"Germain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4684","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14034684","article-title":"Irradiated human dermal fibroblasts are as efficient as mouse fibroblasts as a feeder layer to improve human epidermal cell culture lifespan","volume":"14","author":"Bisson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.07.009","article-title":"The presence of a feeder layer improves human corneal endothelial cell proliferation by altering the expression of the transcription factors Sp1 and NFI","volume":"176","author":"Le-Bel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc30730h","article-title":"Selective turn-on fluorescent probes for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living cells","volume":"48","author":"Montoya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Commun"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46462","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b14980","article-title":"Core\u2013Shell gold\/silver nanoparticles for localized surface Plasmon resonance-based naked-eye toxin biosensing","volume":"11","author":"Loiseau","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7399","DOI":"10.1021\/ac500883x","article-title":"Curvature of the localized surface Plasmon resonance peak","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00633","article-title":"Inflection point of the localized surface Plasmon resonance peak: a general method to improve the sensitivity","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32699-2","article-title":"Insights into gold nanoparticles as a mucoadhesive system","volume":"8","author":"Ouellette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.018","article-title":"Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases","volume":"354","author":"Onugwu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-409X(95)00017-2","article-title":"Microspheres and nanoparticles used in ocular delivery systems","volume":"16","author":"Zimmer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.02.020","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a liposomal delivery system targeting the posterior segment of the eye","volume":"136","author":"Hironaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.017","article-title":"Designing lipid nanoparticles for topical ocular drug delivery","volume":"532","author":"Alvarez-Trabado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.11.002","article-title":"Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues","volume":"61","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040452","article-title":"Biopharmaceutics of topical ophthalmic suspensions: importance of viscosity and particle size in ocular absorption of indomethacin","volume":"13","author":"Toropainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.04.015","article-title":"Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology","volume":"11","author":"Jo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.01.053","article-title":"Understanding the influence of surface properties of nanoparticles and penetration enhancers for improving bioavailability in eye tissues in vivo","volume":"501","author":"Mahaling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.05.017","article-title":"Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology","volume":"12","author":"Mahaling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.09.083","article-title":"PEGylated gold nanoparticles: stability, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity","volume":"560","author":"Reznickova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2022.3154438","article-title":"PEGylated gold nanoparticle toxicity in cardiomyocytes: assessment of size, concentration, and time dependency","volume":"21","author":"Henson","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Nanobiosci"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-021-00871-0","article-title":"Recent advances in the standardization of fluorescence microscopy for quantitative image analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys Rev"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010035","article-title":"Fluorescence microscopy\u2014an outline of hardware, biological handling, and fluorophore considerations","volume":"11","author":"Hickey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202000087","article-title":"Functionalized gold nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and biomedical applications","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Rec"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214461","article-title":"Surface-functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles for colorimetric and fluorescent sensing of metal ions and biomolecules","volume":"459","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord Chem Rev"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5788","DOI":"10.1039\/b812249k","article-title":"How to very efficiently functionalize gold nanoparticles by \u201cclick\u201d chemistry","author":"Boisselier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Commun"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1039\/B901975H","article-title":"Fluorogenic click reaction","volume":"39","author":"Le Droumaguet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9863","DOI":"10.1021\/la401604q","article-title":"On the mechanism of metal nanoparticle synthesis in the Brust\u2013Schiffrin method","volume":"29","author":"Perala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir: ACS J Surfaces and Colloids"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Gold clusters, colloids and nanoparticles I","author":"Lu","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2009.08.023","article-title":"Poly(ethylene glycol)s 2000\u20138000 in water may be planar: a small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) structure study","volume":"50","author":"Rubinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1021\/bc2003583","article-title":"The conformation of the poly(ethylene glycol) chain in mono-PEGylated lysozyme and mono-PEGylated human growth hormone","volume":"22","author":"Pai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2022.120872","article-title":"Spectrochimica Acta","volume":"271","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP07716H","article-title":"Steric hindrance inhibits excited-state relaxation and lowers the extent of intramolecular charge transfer in two-photon absorbing dyes","volume":"18","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physical Chem Chem Physics: PCCP"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211624","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211624","article-title":"The interaction of amines with gold nanoparticles","volume":"36","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.05.009","article-title":"Towards more accurate bioimaging of drug nanocarriers: turning aggregation-caused quenching into a useful tool","volume":"143","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b00913","article-title":"What does nanoparticle stability mean?","volume":"123","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Phys Chem C"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9823","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S279094","article-title":"A review on the synthesis and functionalization of gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle","volume":"15","author":"Amina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.12.006","article-title":"The forthcoming applications of gold nanoparticles in drug and gene delivery systems","volume":"149","author":"Pissuwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S3707","article-title":"Nanotechnology","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Applic"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2018.12.006","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles in biological optical imaging","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR00056H","article-title":"Salt-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S322900","article-title":"High stability au NPs: from design to application in nanomedicine","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/abe5fa","article-title":"Biocompatibility of nanomaterials and their immunological properties","volume":"16","author":"Kyriakides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816662-8.00002-3","volume-title":"Nanoparticles for biomedical applications","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2017-0064","article-title":"Advances in optoplasmonic sensors \u2013 combining optical nano\/microcavities and photonic crystals with plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Xavier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8137","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.432990","article-title":"Localized surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor on gold nanoparticles for Taenia solium detection","volume":"60","author":"Arcas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2005.11.001","article-title":"Mucin structure, aggregation, physiological functions and biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Bansil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600534","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201600534","article-title":"Innovative methods and applications in Mucoadhesion research","volume":"17","author":"Mackie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.05.003","article-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)","volume":"1850","author":"Corfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"General Subjects"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"DES151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23623","article-title":"Secreted mucins on the ocular surface","volume":"59","author":"Hori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.07.005","article-title":"The use of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery","volume":"57","author":"Ludwig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0060607","article-title":"A colorimetric assay for glycoproteins based on the periodic acid\/Schiff stain","volume":"6","author":"Mantle","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1139\/v80-055","article-title":"The structure of Schiff reagent aldehyde adducts and the mechanism of the Schiff reaction as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"Robins","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can J Chem"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c11147","article-title":"Mucus penetration of surface-engineered nanoparticles in various pH microenvironments","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2519-x","article-title":"Topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye: addressing the challenge of preclinical to clinical translation","volume":"35","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16661","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316661","article-title":"Animal models in eye research: focus on corneal pathologies","volume":"24","author":"Loiseau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13650","article-title":"Ocular pharmacokinetics of Intravitreally administered Brimonidine and dexamethasone in animal models with and without blood\u2013retinal barrier breakdown","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/63217","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-024-01403-2","article-title":"Ex vivo, in vivo and in silico studies of corneal biomechanics: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Mascolini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physical Eng Sci Med"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.04.001","article-title":"Fixation strategies for retinal immunohistochemistry","volume":"48","author":"Stradleigh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108137","article-title":"Composition, structure and function of the corneal stroma","volume":"198","author":"Espana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref153","first-page":"157","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nat Sci"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1333","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00561.2010","article-title":"American journal of physiology","volume":"300","author":"Stauss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regulatory, Integrative Comparative Physiol"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2003.11.012","article-title":"Ageing and vision: structure, stability and function of lens crystallins","volume":"86","author":"Bloemendal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.09.023","article-title":"Development of retinal layers in prenatal human retina","volume":"161","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052154","article-title":"Tissue engineering strategies for retina regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Rajendran Nair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0901-877","article-title":"The fundamental plan of the retina","volume":"4","author":"Masland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.21","article-title":"Adult vitreous structure and postnatal changes","volume":"22","author":"Le Goff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193324","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid-based gold nanoparticles for the topical delivery of therapeutics to the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"13","author":"Laradji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154673","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles traverse non-corneal path to reach the posterior eye segment: in vivo evidence","volume":"26","author":"Puglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.07.055","article-title":"Challenges and strategies for ocular posterior diseases therapy via non-invasive advanced drug delivery","volume":"361","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.09.004","article-title":"Topical and systemic drug delivery to the posterior segments","volume":"57","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01136","article-title":"Multifunctional nanocomposites based on liposomes and layered double hydroxides conjugated with Glycylsarcosine for efficient topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye","volume":"16","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.1993.Supplement_17.27","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision","volume":"1993","author":"Bok","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2001.141","article-title":"The role of the retinal pigment epithelium: topographical variation and ageing changes","volume":"15","author":"Boulton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref167","first-page":"395","volume-title":"International review of cytology","author":"Hamann","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.09.020","article-title":"Inherited multifocal RPE-diseases: mechanisms for local dysfunction in global retinoid cycle gene defects","volume":"43","author":"Besch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64131-z","article-title":"Tracing the retina to analyze the integrity and phagocytic capacity of the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"10","author":"Valiente-Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604205","article-title":"Phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium: recognition, resolution, recycling","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1557611\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T07:11:02Z","timestamp":1742368262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1557611\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":171,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1557611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1557611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"article-number":"1557611"}}