{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:17:19Z","timestamp":1793060239833,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFU251211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU251211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cataracts, a leading cause of blindness in the world, are commonly treated by replacing the ocular lens with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). The material and structure of the IOL are major factors in their efficacy, affecting, among other characteristics, the optics of the eye. In the recent research record, two optical properties have emerged as standardized characterization methods for IOL optics: (1) optical transmittance and (2) optical scattering. This mini review describes these two methods and collates data in such a way that comparisons may be drawn across four different IOL material types (PMMA, hydrophobic acrylic, hydrophilic acrylic, and silicone) and three IOL conditions (<jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>, cadaver explant, and inventory control). Finally, the emerging field of additive manufacturing for IOL production is considered. Such technologies hold promise for optimizing IOLs for cataract patients. Researchers in additive manufacturing for IOL production may incorporate optical transmittance and optical scattering as standard characterization methods for 3D-printed IOLs developed by the broader IOL researcher community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1563766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T05:17:56Z","timestamp":1744607876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optical properties of artificial intraocular lenses and considerations for additive manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bushra","family":"Brighesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noran","family":"Alsuliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahed","family":"Nimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omnyah","family":"Albosaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batool","family":"Alokosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tala","family":"Alnaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.006","article-title":"Cataract in the adult eye preferred practice pattern registered","volume":"129","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"World Report on Vision","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.02.020","article-title":"Biaxial microincision cataract surgery versus conventional coaxial cataract surgery: metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30544-5","article-title":"Cataracts","volume":"390","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0028","article-title":"Cataract surgery\u2013indications, techniques, and intraocular lens selection","volume":"120","author":"Lapp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-082420-035827","article-title":"Simulating outcomes of cataract surgery: important advances in ophthalmology","volume":"23","author":"Marcos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.05.012","article-title":"Cataracts","volume":"42","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.025","article-title":"Matching the patient to the intraocular lens: preoperative considerations to optimize surgical outcomes","volume":"128","author":"Yeu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216881","article-title":"Biocompatibility testing for implants: a novel tool for selection and characterization","volume":"16","author":"Al-Zyoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016935","article-title":"Age and the transmittance of the human crystalline lens","volume":"395","author":"Weale","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"776","article-title":"Transmission of the ocular media","volume":"1","author":"Boettner","year":"1962","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9471","article-title":"Fandi\u00f1o A, Artigas C. Spectral transmission of the human crystalline lens in adult and elderly persons: color and total transmission of visible light","volume":"53","author":"Artigas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52959","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA08060B","article-title":"Synthesis of MA POSS-PMMA as an intraocular lens material with high light transmittance and good cytocompatibility","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.05.050","article-title":"Light transmittance of 1-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses with surface light scattering removed from cadaver eyes","volume":"40","author":"Werner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_273_23","article-title":"Transmittance characteristics of transparent hydrophobic acrylic foldable intraocular lenses that were in vivo for a prolonged period of time: a UV visible spectrophotometric study","volume":"71","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2015.1083733","article-title":"Light transmission through intraocular lenses with or without yellow chromophore (blue light filter) and its potential influence on functional vision in everyday environmental conditions","volume":"22","author":"Owczarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2014.05.056","article-title":"Hydrophobic modification of polymethyl methacrylate as intraocular lenses material to improve the cytocompatibility","volume":"431","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19514","article-title":"Effects of intraocular lens opacification on light scatter, stray light, and overall optical quality\/performance","volume":"57","author":"Werner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.03.038","article-title":"Light scattering and light transmittance in intraocular lenses explanted because of optic opacification","volume":"38","author":"Michelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00065A","article-title":"A transparent hydrophilic anti-biofouling coating for intraocular lens materials prepared by \u201cbridging\" of the intermediate adhesive layer","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"492","article-title":"Intraocular lens biomaterials for cataract surgery","volume":"42","author":"Khader","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semicond Optoelectron"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12426","article-title":"Intraocular light scatter, reflections, fluorescence and absorption: what we see in the slit lamp","volume":"38","author":"van den Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Ocular Findings and Intraocular Lens Power in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","author":"Dobbie","year":"2020"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Light Scattering Theory","author":"Hahn","year":"2009"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394%2899%2980119-6","article-title":"Cataract as a protein condensation disease: the proctor lecture","volume":"38","author":"Benedek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420020977-28","article-title":"\u201cThe types, morphology, and causes of cataracts\u201d","author":"Costello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Garner and Klintworth's Pathobiology of Ocular Disease"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1106","article-title":"A clinical study of the human lens with a dynamic light scattering device","volume":"74","author":"Datiles III","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.11.018","article-title":"Analysis of nuclear fiber cell cytoplasmic texture in advanced cataractous lenses from Indian subjects using Debye-Bueche theory","volume":"86","author":"Metlapally","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.12.007","article-title":"Age-related nuclear cataract\u2013oxidation is the key","volume":"80","author":"Truscott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689609000764","article-title":"Fiber cell morphology and cytoplasmic texture in cataractous and normal human lens nuclei","volume":"15","author":"Al-Ghoul","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.05.009","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of damage to nuclear fiber cell membranes in advanced age-related cataracts from India","volume":"87","author":"Costello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Light scattering by donor lenses as a function of depth and wavelength","volume":"38","author":"Van den Berg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"123","article-title":"Multilamellar bodies as potential scattering particles in human age-related nuclear cataracts","volume":"7","author":"Gilliland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0480","article-title":"Predicted light scattering from particles observed in human age-related nuclear cataracts using Mie scattering theory","volume":"48","author":"Costello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.09.013","article-title":"Multilamellar spherical particles as potential sources of excessive light scattering in human age-related nuclear cataracts","volume":"91","author":"Costello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.05.043","article-title":"Etiology of surface light scattering on hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses","volume":"38","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.05.051","article-title":"Optical performance of hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses with surface light scattering","volume":"40","author":"Ogura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(01)00895-1","article-title":"Glistening formation in an AcrySof lens initiated by spinodal decompositionof the polymer network bytemperature change","volume":"27","author":"Kato","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.08.030","article-title":"Osmotic cavitation of elastomeric intraocular lenses","volume":"6","author":"Saylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4207","article-title":"A narrative review of intraocular lens opacifications: update 2020","volume":"8","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.07.026","article-title":"Serial intraocular lens opacifications of different designs from the same manufacturer: clinical and light microscopic results of 71 explant cases","volume":"44","author":"Gurabardhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04496-8","article-title":"IOLs glistenings and quality of vision","volume":"257","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119867818","article-title":"Clinical and material degradations of intraocular lenses: a review","volume":"30","author":"Stanojcic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.08.032","article-title":"Glistening formation and light scattering in six hydrophobic-acrylic intraocular lenses","volume":"196","author":"\u0141abuz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.03.011","article-title":"Long-term effect of surface light scattering and glistenings of intraocular lenses on visual function","volume":"154","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.05.041","article-title":"Surface light scattering and visual function of diffractive multifocal hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses 6 years after implantation","volume":"39","author":"Bissen-Miyajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.10.016","article-title":"Light scattering and light transmittance of cadaver eye-explanted intraocular lenses of different materials","volume":"40","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/hardware2010001","article-title":"The third dimension of eye care: a comprehensive review of 3D printing in ophthalmology","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hardware"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-021-00379-6","article-title":"3D printing in eye care","volume":"10","author":"Larochelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000307","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000307","article-title":"Hydrogel-forming microneedles: current advancements and future trends","volume":"21","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.13.98","article-title":"Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems-recent advances and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Gadzi\u0144ski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Beilstein J Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"703","article-title":"Change with age of the refractive index gradient of the human ocular lens","volume":"36","author":"Hemenger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2011.565888","article-title":"Age-dependent variation of the gradient index profile in human crystalline lenses","volume":"58","author":"de Castro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mod Opt"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.7.075003","article-title":"Role of the human lens gradient-index profile in the compensation of third-order ocular aberrations","volume":"17","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21905","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.021905","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of the crystalline lens gradient index distribution from OCT imaging","volume":"18","author":"de Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-007-0537-1","article-title":"Stiffness gradient in the crystalline lens","volume":"245","author":"Weeber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198912000-00004","article-title":"Refractive index gradient of human lenses","volume":"66","author":"Pierscionek","year":"1989","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400043","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202400043","article-title":"Printing, characterizing, and assessing transparent 3D printed lenses for optical imaging","volume":"9","author":"Rooney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Mater Technol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.401724","article-title":"Stitching-free 3D printing of millimeter-sized highly transparent spherical and aspherical optical components","volume":"10","author":"Ristok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt Mater Express"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc7429","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc7429","article-title":"3D printed gradient index glass optics","volume":"6","author":"Dylla-Spears","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003509943-2","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of bioimplant manufacturing advancements: a state-of-the-art review","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioimplants Manufacturing"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10664","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10664","article-title":"Eye of the future: unlocking the potential utilization of hydrogels in intraocular lenses","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070976","article-title":"Drug-loaded hydrogels for intraocular lenses with prophylactic action against pseudophakic cystoid macular edema","volume":"13","author":"Toffoletto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Preparation and properties of poly (acrylic ester) hydrogel as basic materials for intraocular lens","volume":"26","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2020.10.03","article-title":"Biosafety of a 3D-printed intraocular lens made of a poly (acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) hydrogel in vitro and in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20160121-05","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing of optical lenses and ophthalmic surgery: challenges and perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Debellemani\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(96)82003-0","article-title":"Harold ridley and the invention of the intraocular lens","volume":"40","author":"Apple","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2024.2344164","article-title":"Stereolithographic rapid prototyping of clear, foldable, non-refractive intraocular lens designs: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"49","author":"Hidalgo-Alvarez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.10.015","article-title":"Light scattering and light transmittance in a series of calcified single-piece hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses of the same design","volume":"40","author":"Barra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.07.004","article-title":"Analysis of surface whitening of extracted hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses","volume":"35","author":"Matsushima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-010-0901-2","article-title":"Decreased visual function due to high-level light scattering in a hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens","volume":"55","author":"Yoshida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1563766\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T05:18:00Z","timestamp":1744607880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1563766\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1563766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1563766","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"article-number":"1563766"}}