{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:06:24Z","timestamp":1753891584447,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Idiopathic chilblains are inflammatory lesions on the skin that typically appear after being in a cold, wet environment. The condition manifests itself as burning, soreness, and pruritis in the extremities (fingers and toes), usually occurring 12 to 24\u202fh following a triggering event. Conservative measures are the mainstay of treatment for idiopathic chilblain; however pharmaceutical therapy may be necessary in cases that are severe or persistent. This is the only case series in Ethiopia concerning idiopathic chilblain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>From June to August of 2024, 12 individuals in the dermatology department of Injibara General Hospital in Ethiopia were diagnosed with idiopathic chilblain. Nine (or 75%) of these patients were women. This study\u2019s mean age at diagnosis was 23.2\u202fyears (range: 3\u201355\u202fyears). All cases presented with itching sensations and\/or pain. Only a few patients presented with swelling and color change during cold exposure. One patient presented with ulceration involving the tip of the digits. Most patients were prescribed clobetasol propionat and oral nifedipine. Others were treated with only topical corticosteroids, and few refused any medical treatment. All patients were counseled to avoid cold and keep extremities warm. Only one patient has persistent disease and the rest have completely improved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the current study, young women were the group most frequently impacted by idiopathic chilblain. Idiopathic chilblain in Ethiopia is underreported, necessitating comprehensive studies involving larger patient numbers and a focus on prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and psychosocial impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1564283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T05:21:17Z","timestamp":1742275277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Idiopathic chilblain: a case series from Injibara General Hospital, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alemu Bezabih","family":"Tegegnie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamiru","family":"Alene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meaza Molla","family":"Sineshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac231","article-title":"Chilblains in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a review","volume":"61","author":"Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-0942-9","article-title":"Chilblain lupus erythematosus\u2014a review of literature","volume":"27","author":"Hedrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d2708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2708","article-title":"Chronic chilblains","volume":"342","author":"Souwer","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.07.011","article-title":"Idiopathic chilblains","volume":"122","author":"Prakash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"177","article-title":"Observations upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"1930","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"229","article-title":"Circulating endothelin-1 levels in patients with \u201ca frigore\u201d vascular acrosyndromes","volume":"38","author":"Mangiafico","year":"1996","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70209-Z","article-title":"Chilblains (perniosis)","volume":"23","author":"Goette","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2681","article-title":"Pernio in pediatrics","volume":"116","author":"Simon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"46","article-title":"Chronic pernio: another cause of blue toes","volume":"11","author":"Spittell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360200161026","article-title":"Chronic pernio: a historical perspective of cold-induced vascular disease","volume":"146","author":"Jacob","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"223","article-title":"Erythrocyanotic discoloration of the toes","volume":"65","author":"Parlette","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12199","article-title":"Demographical, laboratory and associated findings in patients with perniosis","volume":"28","author":"K\u00fclc\u00fc \u00c7akmak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475421995130","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of idiopathic chilblains (pernio): a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Pratt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.09.020","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, laboratory findings, treatment, and proposal of diagnostic criteria of pernio (chilblains) in a series of 104 patients at Mayo Clinic, 2000 to 2011","volume":"89","author":"Cappel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12094","article-title":"Major cluster of chilblain cases in a cold dry Western Australian winter","volume":"49","author":"Larkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2006.00281.x","article-title":"Celiac disease presenting with chilblains in an adolescent girl","volume":"23","author":"St Clair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1966","article-title":"Nifedipine vs. placebo for treatment of chronic chilblains: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Souwer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2000.01722.x","article-title":"Childhood pernio and cryoproteins","volume":"17","author":"Weston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000838","article-title":"Chilblains","volume":"49","author":"Nyssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb07792.x","article-title":"The treatment of chilblains with nifedipine: the results of a pilot study, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study and a long-term open trial","volume":"120","author":"Rustin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6552.923-a","article-title":"Nifedipine in the treatment of chilblains","volume":"293","author":"Dowd","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1564283\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T05:21:19Z","timestamp":1742275279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1564283\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1564283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1564283","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-858X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"article-number":"1564283"}}