{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:59:05Z","timestamp":1782316745876,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Septic arthritis (SA) is an orthopedic emergency characterized by joint inflammation secondary to infectious etiologies, most commonly <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. The prompt recognition of SA is crucial due to its significant morbidity and mortality. Fever, along with a swollen, painful joint and limited range of motion, are typical manifestations; however, presentations can vary. The incidence of SA in adult populations is rising, accompanied by unfavorable mortality rates. This trend is further exacerbated by comorbid conditions that substantially influence outcomes. Among the literature, diabetes mellitus (DM), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have emerged as key prognostic factors in SA. DM exacerbates the severity of SA through impairment of polymorphonuclear function, ultimately leading to increased susceptibility to infection and a higher risk of acquiring infection from atypical pathogens. CKD causes uremia-induced immune dysfunction leading to an immunocompromised state as well as repeated vascular access increasing infection susceptibility, leading to increased mortality. Patients with RA harbor an elevated risk of SA, attributed to immune dysregulation, immunosuppressive therapy, and diagnostic challenges. Additionally, these comorbidities can complicate the surgical management of SA and increase the likelihood of treatment failure. Therefore, given the rising burden of comorbid conditions worldwide and their impact on SA prognosis, healthcare professionals should remain vigilant when managing these factors. A holistic, multidisciplinary approach to management is vital to ensure that SA patients with these certain comorbid conditions experience fewer complications and improved survival. This mini-review aims to highlight the key comorbid conditions that impact the prognosis of SA patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1566384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:21:50Z","timestamp":1753766510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The prognostic implications of comorbidities in septic arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aiman","family":"Khudair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Khudair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1678-9199-20-19","article-title":"Septic arthritis: immunopathogenesis, experimental models and therapy.","volume":"20","author":"Colavite","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193645","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1193645","article-title":"An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review.","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Septic Arthritis.","author":"Momodu","year":"2024","journal-title":"StatPearls."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000588","article-title":"Peripheral bacterial septic arthritis: review of diagnosis and management.","volume":"23","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1979.03630470037014","article-title":"Infectious arthritis.","volume":"139","author":"Sharp","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283036975","article-title":"Septic arthritis: current diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.","volume":"20","author":"Mathews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2018.10.40974","article-title":"Evaluation and management of septic arthritis and its mimics in the emergency department.","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602137","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/602137","article-title":"Polyarticular septic arthritis in an immunocompetent adult: a case report and review of the literature.","volume":"2015","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Orthop."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2022.06.010","article-title":"Polyarticular septic arthritis secondary to septic thrombophlebitis of the brachiocephalic vein: a rare case report.","volume":"63","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2017.09.001","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes in polyarticular septic arthritis.","volume":"85","author":"Lieber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39020.401331.68","article-title":"Polyarticular septic arthritis.","volume":"333","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00094-6","article-title":"Septic arthritis and other infections of rheumatologic significance.","volume":"17","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.08.001","article-title":"Infection and musculoskeletal conditions: infectious arthritis.","volume":"20","author":"Tarkowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis of native joints.","volume":"31","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1478","article-title":"Does this adult patient have septic arthritis?","volume":"297","author":"Margaretten","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1051-y","article-title":"Pathogen or contaminant? Distinguishing true infection from synovial fluid culture contamination in patients with suspected septic arthritis.","volume":"45","author":"Fowler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02305-07","article-title":"Rapid PCR-based diagnosis of septic arthritis by early Gram-type classification and pathogen identification.","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04492-7","article-title":"Broad-range 16 s rDNA PCR in synovial fluid does not improve the diagnostic performance of septic arthritis in native joints in adults: cross-sectional single-center study in 95 patients.","volume":"38","author":"Coiffier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000411","article-title":"The clinical usefulness of polymerase chain reaction as a supplemental diagnostic tool in the evaluation and the treatment of children with septic arthritis.","volume":"36","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa162","article-title":"Site-specific mortality in native joint septic arthritis: a national population study.","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2016.1164241","article-title":"Prognostic factors associated with mortality in patients with septic arthritis: a descriptive cohort study.","volume":"46","author":"Andreasen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100891","article-title":"Increased incidence and clinical features of septic arthritis in patients aged 80 years and above: a comparative analysis with younger cohorts.","volume":"13","author":"Alexandersson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew323","article-title":"A population study of the reported incidence of native joint septic arthritis in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 2013.","volume":"55","author":"Rutherford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.02.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis.","volume":"25","author":"Garc\u00eda-Arias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150434","article-title":"Native joint septic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiological causes in a New Zealand population.","volume":"42","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30419-0","article-title":"Mortality and adverse joint outcomes following septic arthritis of the native knee: a longitudinal cohort study of patients receiving arthroscopic washout.","volume":"20","author":"Abram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1540-0","article-title":"Morbimortality in adult patients with septic arthritis: a three-year hospital-based study.","volume":"16","author":"Ferrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"589","article-title":"Septic arthritis: diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"104","author":"Earwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101860","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"57","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-015-0344-4","article-title":"Challenges of managing people with multimorbidity in today\u2019s healthcare systems.","volume":"16","author":"Moffat","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e057017","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057017","article-title":"Variation in the estimated prevalence of multimorbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis of 193 international studies.","volume":"12","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.ajm_53_20","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetes: an overview.","volume":"10","author":"Banday","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med."},{"key":"B33","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes.","author":"Goyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"StatPearls."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ITC33","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202203150","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"175","author":"Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes.","author":"Lucier","year":"2025","journal-title":"StatPearls."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6275","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2004","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: early detection should be focused.","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127150","article-title":"High prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus among patients with septic arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2211-9","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with definite septic arthritis at Hamad General Hospital, Qatar: a hospital-based study from 2006 to 2011.","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.18004\/rdn2020.0012.01.014-027","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of septic arthritis in adult patients hospitalized at the Hospital Nacional between 2015 and 2019.","volume":"12","author":"Real Delor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Nac Itaugu\u00e1."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381215","article-title":"Risk factors for septic arthritis in patients with joint disease. A prospective study.","volume":"38","author":"Kaandorp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2844-3","article-title":"Predictors of treatment failure and mortality in native septic arthritis.","volume":"34","author":"Maneiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2131","article-title":"Risk of infection in type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population: a matched cohort study.","volume":"41","author":"Carey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0570-3","article-title":"Influence of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on infectious disease hospitalisation and outcome.","volume":"50","author":"Benfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13205","article-title":"Association between glycaemic control and common infections in people with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study.","volume":"34","author":"Hine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1050","article-title":"Glycemic control and risk of sepsis and subsequent mortality in type 2 diabetes.","volume":"45","author":"Balintescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0287","article-title":"Glycemic control and risk of infections among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large primary care cohort study.","volume":"41","author":"Critchley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13706","article-title":"The alterations of innate immunity and enhanced severity of infections in diabetes mellitus.","volume":"171","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199701)14:1<29::AID-DIA300>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients.","volume":"14","author":"Delamaire","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000345107","article-title":"Diabetes and infection: is there a link? \u2013 A mini-review.","volume":"59","author":"Knapp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412507","article-title":"Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus.","volume":"341","author":"Joshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1982.tb01983.x","article-title":"Neutrophil and lymphocyte function in patients with diabetes mellitus.","volume":"211","author":"Valerius","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00396.x","article-title":"Neutrophil bactericidal function in diabetes mellitus: evidence for association with blood glucose control.","volume":"12","author":"Gallacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2014.11.009","article-title":"Increased resistin may suppress reactive oxygen species production and inflammasome activation in type 2 diabetic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis infection.","volume":"17","author":"Chao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1628-4","article-title":"High glucose impairs superoxide production from isolated blood neutrophils.","volume":"29","author":"Perner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-121723","article-title":"Hyperglycemia enhances coagulation and reduces neutrophil degranulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia inhibits fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia.","volume":"112","author":"Stegenga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.05.053","article-title":"High glucose modulates IL-6 mediated immune homeostasis through impeding neutrophil extracellular trap formation.","volume":"587","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399815666191024085838","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and its impact on the immune system.","volume":"16","author":"Berbudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979789","article-title":"Elevated glucose levels stimulate transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), suppress interleukin IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 production and DNA synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.","volume":"28","author":"Reinhold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.06.003","article-title":"Effect of high glucose on cytokine production by human peripheral blood immune cells and type I interferon signaling in monocytes: implications for the role of hyperglycemia in the diabetes inflammatory process and host defense against infection.","volume":"195","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(95)01123-4","article-title":"Respiratory burst activity of monocytes from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"DD04","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2023\/64073.18738","article-title":"A case report on septic arthritis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei.","volume":"17","author":"Priyadharshini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843.e1-2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.11.018.","article-title":"Melioidotic septic arthritis in the ED\u2013an easily delayed diagnosis.","volume":"28","author":"Kung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200306000-00011","article-title":"Melioidotic septic arthritis and its risk factors.","volume":"85","author":"Kosuwon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-200108000-00010","article-title":"Septic arthritis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei: case report and review of the literature.","volume":"7","author":"Wooten","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B66","first-page":"E478","article-title":"Mycotic Septic Arthritis of the Ankle Joint.","volume":"45","author":"Tucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.5799\/jmid2012.01.0038","article-title":"Septic arthritis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in an immunosuppressive patient: A case report and review of the literature.","volume":"2","author":"Dal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_20_74","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei septic arthritis in Type-2 diabetes mellitus patients: report of two cases.","volume":"38","author":"Frincy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b15227","author":"Leslie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13040060","article-title":"The treatment of impaired wound healing in diabetes: looking among old drugs.","volume":"13","author":"Spampinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-227X-12-7","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint septic arthritis following paraspinal muscle abscess and septic lumbar spondylodiscitis with epidural abscess in a patient with diabetes: a case report.","volume":"12","author":"Shioya","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00593","article-title":"Risk factors for failure of a single surgical debridement in adults with acute septic arthritis.","volume":"97","author":"Hunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-023-04958-z","article-title":"Failure rates in surgical treatment in adults with bacterial arthritis of a native joint: a systematic review of 8,586 native joints.","volume":"143","author":"Walinga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.07.014","article-title":"Risk factors for failure of eradicating infection in a single arthroscopic surgical procedure for septic arthritis of the adult native shoulder with a focus on the volume of irrigation.","volume":"29","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2019.12.006","article-title":"Repeat irrigation & debridement for patients with acute septic knee arthritis: incidence and risk factors.","volume":"11","author":"Stake","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3659-8","article-title":"Treatment of septic arthritis of the knee: a comparison between arthroscopy and arthrotomy.","volume":"24","author":"B\u00f6hler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.04.001","article-title":"Surgical treatment of shoulder infections: a comparison between arthroscopy and arthrotomy.","volume":"26","author":"B\u00f6hler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16765","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016765","article-title":"High 2-year mortality and recurrent infection rates after surgical treatment for primary septic arthritis of the hip in adult patients: an observational study.","volume":"98","author":"Kao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i8.1255","article-title":"Perioperative challenges in management of diabetic patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.","volume":"12","author":"Galway","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022.","volume":"2022","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease.","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B82","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease.","author":"Vaidya","year":"2025","journal-title":"StatPearls."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14745","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: a review.","volume":"322","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-001869","article-title":"Septic arthritis in the end-stage renal disease population.","volume":"70","author":"Aitkens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Investig Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.07.004","article-title":"Septic arthritis.","volume":"19","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900801600114","article-title":"Septic arthritis in haemodialysis patients: a seven-year multi-centre review.","volume":"16","author":"Al-Nammari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.10.005","article-title":"Current concepts in hemodialysis vascular access infections.","volume":"26","author":"Kumbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318068b24c","article-title":"Hemodialysis vascular catheter-related bacteremia.","volume":"334","author":"Sullivan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800059070","article-title":"An 18 year clinical review of septic arthritis from tropical Australia.","volume":"117","author":"Morgan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.0550031081.x","article-title":"Septicemia in dialysis patients: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis.","volume":"55","author":"Powe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4274\/tftr.57.11","article-title":"Septic arthritis of the shoulder in a peritoneal dialysis patient.","volume":"57","author":"Civelek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk J Phys Med Rehab."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"197","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among dialysis patients\u2013United States, 2005.","volume":"56","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58030401","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes in dialysis patients with septic arthritis.","volume":"58","author":"Yeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111628","article-title":"Methicillin resistance increased the risk of treatment failure in native joint septic arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04383-6","article-title":"Novel therapeutic interventions towards improved management of septic arthritis.","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2014.12.009","article-title":"Septic arthritis due to methylcyllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in adults.","volume":"11","author":"M\u00ednguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2017.11.007","article-title":"Clinical outcomes involving patients that develop septic arthritis with methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus versus methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"15","author":"Combs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e243","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp20X714125","article-title":"Comorbidity in chronic kidney disease: a large cross-sectional study of prevalence in Scottish primary care.","volume":"71","author":"MacRae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0050923","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00509-23","article-title":"Triple threat: how diabetes results in worsened bacterial infections.","volume":"92","author":"Darwitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"128","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis in patients on hemodialysis treatment.","volume":"163","author":"Slaughter","year":"1995","journal-title":"West J Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18420-4","article-title":"Mortality of septic knee arthritis in Korea: risk factors analysis of a large national database.","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2012.03.001","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.","volume":"26","author":"Pisetsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j3248","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3248","article-title":"Diagnosis and early management of inflammatory arthritis.","volume":"358","author":"Ledingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.006","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"46","author":"Firestein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00133-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"40","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen."},{"key":"B106","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis.","author":"Chauhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"StatPearls."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112857","article-title":"Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview.","volume":"10","author":"Radu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102735","article-title":"Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"20","author":"Conforti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B109","first-page":"286","article-title":"Extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"5","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.301223.eaf","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis development.","volume":"34","author":"Venetsanopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediterr J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.07.018","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis is the major risk factor for septic arthritis in rheumatological settings.","volume":"8","author":"Favero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.152769","article-title":"Risk of septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of anti-TNF therapy: results from the British society for rheumatology biologics register.","volume":"70","author":"Galloway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10524","article-title":"Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study.","volume":"46","author":"Doran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23003","article-title":"The importance of the disease process and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment in the development of septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"57","author":"Edwards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac721","article-title":"Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis following TNF inhibitor therapy.","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223357","article-title":"Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"82","author":"Sepriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2348575","article-title":"A narrative review of the comparative safety of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"23","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/psb.1749","article-title":"Summary of the BSR biological DMARD safety guidelines.","volume":"30","author":"Chaplin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prescriber."},{"key":"B119","first-page":"43","article-title":"The migratory and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients.","volume":"59","author":"Dolganiuc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107342","article-title":"Phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rheumatic diseases.","volume":"52","author":"Turner","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.08.010","article-title":"Infection and musculoskeletal conditions: bacterial and opportunistic infections during anti-TNF therapy.","volume":"20","author":"Strangfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780140119","article-title":"Infection in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"14","author":"Baum","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.6.954","article-title":"Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids.","volume":"11","author":"Stuck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.08.006","article-title":"Impact of setting up a bone and joint infection referral center on arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritis of the knee and shoulder: retrospective study.","volume":"104","author":"Besnard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res."},{"key":"B125","article-title":"Hepatic cirrhosis.","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"StatPearls."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.12.001","article-title":"Cirrhosis.","volume":"106","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis.","volume":"398","author":"Gin\u00e8s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.5114\/pg.2014.47896","article-title":"Increased occurrence of native septic arthritis in adult cirrhotic patients: a population-based three-year follow-up study in Taiwan.","volume":"9","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prz Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06151-w","article-title":"Risk factors for septic arthritis and multiple arthroscopic washouts: minimum 2-year follow-up at a major trauma centre.","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1566384\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:21:53Z","timestamp":1753766513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1566384\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":129,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1566384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1566384","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"article-number":"1566384"}}