{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:15:42Z","timestamp":1792678542449,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":384,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since its first reported case in December 2019, COVID-19 disease, caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), evolved into a major pandemic throughout the world. Although COVID-19 is most often characterized as a respiratory pathology, there are also extensive reports of renal complications, such as glomerulonephritis (GN). However, the precise nature of COVID-associated glomerulonephritis (COVID-GN) has yet to be fully understood. This review seeks to elucidate COVID-GN pathophysiology by conducting an exhaustive systematic review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein, we compare the different GN subtypes associated with COVID-19 in the literature. We also review the cytokines, antibodies, and genes most implicated in COVID-GN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The GN subtype with the highest number of cases associated with COVID-19 infection was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, specifically the collapsing morphology. Meanwhile, the highest number of cases associated with COVID-19 vaccination was IgA nephropathy. The most prevalent mechanism in the literature for COVID-GN involves a cytokine storm, which may be accompanied by immune complex deposition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both infection and vaccination from SARS-CoV-2 can induce robust CD4+ T cell responses promoted by an IL-6 amplifier loop of inflammation. This immune response is likely further enhanced by interactions with complement systems and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathways of both direct cytotoxicity and stimulation of polyclonal immunoglobulin may converge to cause glomerular inflammation and injury. Further investigation of these inflammatory pathways may provide insight into COVID-19 pathophysiology, treatment, and long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1568943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:23:54Z","timestamp":1749446634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ascertaining the mechanistic etiology of COVID-associated glomerulonephritis: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Brendan M.","family":"Coyne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anam","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susie 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