{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:33:27Z","timestamp":1781188407280,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) visualizes enhanced microcirculation in the hands as a marker for inflammation. The correct diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and erosive hand osteoarthritis (EHOA) can be challenging. The aim of this study was to differentiate active PsA from EHOA using FOI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An atlas with FOI images of different grades of enhancement (FOIAS 0\u20133) and typical morphologic patterns (\u2018Streaky signals\u2019, \u2018Green\/Blue Nail sign\u2019, \u2018Werner sign\u2019, and \u2018Bishop\u2019s crozier sign\u2019) for PsA and hand EHOA was created. Twenty FOI sequences of patients with PsA and EHOA were randomly mixed and scored by two blinded readers. All images were scored twice by one of the two readers. Inter- and intra-reader reliability for joint enhancement, morphologic patterns and diagnosis (PsA vs. EHOA) was calculated. Subsequently, one reader blinded to the diagnosis scored the remaining PsA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f54) and EHOA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f47) images using the same atlas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inter-reader reliability on joint enhancement was overall substantial (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.74), with substantial to almost perfect intra-reader reliability (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.88). Inter-reader reliability on all morphological patterns was fair (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.36) and substantial (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.68) in the intra-reader exercise with variation between the different patterns. Inter- (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.3) and intra-reader reliability (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.4) on diagnosis was fair. In analyses of all 101 cases (47 EHOA, 54 PsA), persons with EHOA presented significantly higher mean FOI sum scores in the PIP (38.98 vs. 20.00) and DIP joints (16.45 vs. 8.40) compared to the PsA patients. Regarding morphology, the \u2018Werner sign\u2019 was significantly more often detected in PsA than in EHOA (55.6% vs. 21.3%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Joint enhancement in FOI can be reliably assessed using a predefined scoring method. The stronger enhancement in PIP and DIP joints for EHOA cases and the occurrence of \u2018Werner sign\u2019 in PsA cases may facilitate the differential diagnosis between the two diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1581265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T05:29:54Z","timestamp":1755235794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential diagnosis between psoriatic arthritis and hand osteoarthritis using indocyanine green-based fluorescence optical imaging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Benedict","family":"Drude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Maugesten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie G.","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Klotsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd-R\u00fcdiger","family":"Burmester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Kr\u00f6nke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Backhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida Kristin","family":"Haugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ohrndorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.06.027","article-title":"Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical studies","volume":"80","author":"Alinaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00293-y","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis","volume":"7","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208821","article-title":"Subclinical joint inflammation in patients with psoriasis without concomitant psoriatic arthritis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis","volume":"75","author":"Faustini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22158","article-title":"Is there subclinical synovitis in early psoriatic arthritis? 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