{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:00:56Z","timestamp":1753891256863,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the effects of different colony-stimulating factor regimens in patients with recurrent implantation failure who underwent euploid embryo transfer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 293 women with a history of recurrent implantation failure were included. The participants were divided into three groups: Group 1 received intrauterine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 5 days before embryo transfer; Group 2 received both intrauterine G-CSF and subcutaneous G-CSF from 5 days before embryo transfer until pregnancy; and Group 3 served as the control. Hormonal treatment included a 14-day regimen of oral estradiol followed by vaginal and intramuscular progesterone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary outcomes included pregnancy, biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth rates. The pregnancy rate (positive serum hCG) was significantly higher in group 2 compared to the control (65.9% vs. 50.5%). Group 1 had a higher pregnancy rate than the control, but the difference was not statistically significant (56.8% vs. 50.5%). Live birth rates were statistically significantly higher in Group 2 than Group 3 (55.7% vs. 40.6%). Group 2 had a higher live birth rate than group 1, but the difference was not statistically significant (55.7% vs. 47.3%). Although Group 1 had a higher live birth rate than Group 3, the difference was not statistically significant (47.3% vs. 40.6%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Addition of subcutaneous G-CSF to intrauterine injections may be associated with improved positive pregnancy test results and live birth rates in recurrent implantation failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1583385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:10:21Z","timestamp":1748232621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of different granulocyte colony stimulating factor regimens on patients with euploid embryo transfer in recurrent implantation failure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ozge","family":"Karaosmanoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aysen","family":"Yuceturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilke Ozer","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sule","family":"Yildirim Kopuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeynep Ece","family":"Utkan Korun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yigit","family":"Cakiroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Tiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.04.015","article-title":"Evidence for the effectiveness of immunologic therapies in women with subfertility and\/or undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"117","author":"Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0414-2","article-title":"Recurrent implantation failure-update overview on etiology, diagnosis, treatment and future 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