{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:35:14Z","timestamp":1793738114970,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, and Invasive Non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (iNTS) from 1990 to 2021, and explore the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, focusing on age\u2013standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), disability\u2013adjusted life years rate (ASDR), and annualized percent change (EAPC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever decreased (EAPC = \u22124.15; 95% CI: \u22124.45 to \u22123.85). In contrast, the burden of iNTS showed a slow increasing trend (EAPC = 0.45; 95% CI: \u22120.32 to 1.22). The major epidemic trends were concentrated in regions with low and middle Socio\u2013demographic Index (SDI). In high SDI regions, the age group most affected by deaths was 75 years and older, whereas in low SDI regions, particularly for typhoid and paratyphoid fever, deaths were more prevalent among children aged 0\u201314 years. Disability\u2013adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths due to multidrug\u2013resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> have decreased annually.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever has declined, the burden of iNTS continues to rise slowly. The growing antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella further exacerbates the global disease burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1588507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T09:49:08Z","timestamp":1747734548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 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