{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T20:57:26Z","timestamp":1772225846879,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ciprofol is a newly developed intravenous agent, with limited clinical data available to date. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ciprofol for general anesthesia in patients undergoing urological surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study consecutively enrolled 172 urological patients aged \u2265 18\u202fyears who received general anesthesia. A total of 166 eligible patients were assigned to two groups: ciprofol (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f85; induction 0.3\u20130.4\u202fmg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; maintenance, 1.0\u20131.5\u202fmg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and propofol (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f81; induction, 1.5\u20132.0\u202fmg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; maintenance, 4\u20138\u202fmg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). The primary effectiveness endpoint was the difference in anesthesia success rates between the two groups. The secondary effectiveness endpoints included the normal rate of the bispectral index (BIS), time to adequate sedation, time to loss of the eyelash reflex, diachronic changes in the BIS, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, recovery time, and extubation time. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded to evaluate the safety profiles of ciprofol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anesthesia success rate was 100% in both groups. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the rate difference (RD) exceeded the prespecified non-inferiority margin of \u221210%. The time to adequate sedation and the time to loss of the eyelash reflex were longer with ciprofol compared to propofol (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). The diachronic changes in the BIS and MAP in the ciprofol group decreased at a relatively slower rate during induction, indicating that ciprofol had a slower but smoother onset of action compared to propofol. The recovery time and extubation time were similar between the two groups. Ciprofol was associated with significantly lower incidences of injection pain, hypotension, and deep anesthesia compared to propofol. No patient in either group showed intraoperative awareness or postoperative cognitive decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ciprofol is non-inferior to propofol in terms of effectiveness and safety. It can be safely and effectively used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in patients undergoing urological surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1590922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:35:40Z","timestamp":1758000940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness and safety of ciprofol for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in urological surgery: a prospective, non-inferiority cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-xiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.002","article-title":"AGA Institute review of endoscopic sedation","volume":"133","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0672-3","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol","volume":"57","author":"Sahinovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.02.008","article-title":"Propofol by infusion protocol for ED procedural sedation","volume":"24","author":"Frank","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043382846","article-title":"Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects","volume":"10","author":"Marik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.10.044","article-title":"Hypotension during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a retrospective exploratory analysis and meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Sneyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000130344.17898.CD","article-title":"Propofol-induced injection pain: comparison of a modified propofol emulsion to standard propofol with premixed lidocaine","volume":"99","author":"Adam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31823f0c28","article-title":"A placebo-and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): part I. 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