{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:17:48Z","timestamp":1787026668760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Atypical pathogens (\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) are often detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). However, the two atypical pneumonias are difficult to distinguish. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the two types of atypical pneumonia and use statistics to find points of differentiation for early diagnosis and timely treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included all confirmed cases of two types of atypical pneumonia in our institution. The data collected and analyzed included epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 84 patients, 63 with\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci)<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia, 21 with\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia. (1) Up to 61.9% of patients with\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia and\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia had high fevers. More than 90% of patients with\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia had a cough score \u2265 3.\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia patients experienced more severe coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath symptoms than\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia patients (both,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). (2) Consolidation, bronchial insufflation, ground-glass opacities, and pleural effusion are the most common chest CT signs of\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia and\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia.\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia was more likely to cause ground-glass opacities in the upper left lobe than\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.05). There was no statistical difference in other CT findings. (3)\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia and\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia were identified by leukocytes, lymphocytes ratio, NLR, blood glucose, cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. They had AUC\u2019 s of 0.810, 0.709, 0.728, 0.724, 0.795, 0.675, and respective 95% CI\u2019 s of 0.716\u20130.907, 0.60 5\u20130.832, 0. 566\u20130.838, 0.604\u20130.831, 0.696\u20130.869, 0.574\u20130.784; all statistically significant (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05; &amp;lt; 0.001, 0.003, 0.008, 0.006, &amp;lt; 0.001, 0.017, respectively). (4) 69.8%, 80.9% of each patients took two or more antibiotics simultaneously before diagnosis, but the difference was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.32). Some patients received more than four antibiotics, most commonly\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia (23.8%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinicians should consider atypical pneumonia, particularly\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia, when patients present with high fever and chest CT scans showing consolidation accompanied by bronchial insufflation, ground-glass opacities, and pleural effusion. Initially, clinicians can differentiate between the two types of pneumonia based on symptoms (e.g., cough severity, chest tightness and shortness of breath), imaging features (e.g., GGO in the left upper lobe), and laboratory markers (e.g., glucose, leukocytes, NLR, and lymphopenia). This allows for the optimization of antibiotic choices and the reduction of unnecessary multidrug combinations, which can improve prognosis and reduce the risk of drug resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1591963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:10:25Z","timestamp":1750723825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A case-control study on Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia and legionella pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-jie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-long","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-ming","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-guang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000668","article-title":"Advances in molecular diagnostic tests for pneumonia.","volume":"26","author":"Cilloniz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2035194","article-title":"Aetiology of severe community acquired pneumonia in adults identified by combined detection methods: A multi-centre prospective study in China.","volume":"11","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01393","article-title":"The atypical pneumonias: Clinical diagnosis and importance.","volume":"12","author":"Cunha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00064-7","article-title":"Human-to-human transmission of Chlamydia psittaci in China, 2020: An epidemiological and aetiological investigation.","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150746","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1150746","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia in Wuxi, China: Retrospective analysis of 55 cases and predictors of severe disease.","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.11.011","article-title":"Atypical pneumonia: Updates on legionella, chlamydophila, and mycoplasma pneumonia.","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. 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