{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:33:34Z","timestamp":1791534814520,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common haematologic malignancy. This study aimed to assess the global burden of multiple myeloma across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data for this study were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset, which provides comprehensive information on the global and regional burden of 369 diseases, injuries, and 88 risk factors across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We analyzed the incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and disease-related risk factors of MM from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) were calculated and analyzed. We also analyzed trends over time by gender and age, and assessed the impact of socio-demographic index (SDI) on disease burden. In addition, the global burden of MM from 2021 to 2035 was predicted by a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2021, there were 148,755 cases of MM globally. From 1990 to 2021, the global ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR increased (EAPC\u202f=\u202f0.48, 0.09 and 0.06, respectively). In general, the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of MM and SDI levels are positive correlated, as regions with higher SDI levels normally have higher ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR. The incidence and mortality rates were higher in males than in females in all age groups, and increased with age before 90\u202fyears. We projected that the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of MM would obviously increase over the next dozen years through BAPC model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings in this study offer valuable insights into the global distribution and magnitude of the MM burden, which may be instructive for better making public health policy and reasonably allocating medical source.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1609692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:39:29Z","timestamp":1753940369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Global, regional, and national burden of multiple myeloma, 1990 to 2021 and predictions to 2035: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhaoXian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HanYu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XiaoYu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JiaHao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JiaFu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27422","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management","volume":"99","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2021.2003704","article-title":"Cardiovascular involvement in patients affected by multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review of recent advances","volume":"14","author":"Camilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01162-7","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive biomarker developments in multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Wallington-Beddoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.25306","article-title":"What is multiple myeloma?","volume":"327","author":"Silberstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17046","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.46","article-title":"Multiple myeloma","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2168","article-title":"Multiple myeloma\/hypercalcemia","volume":"9","author":"Oyajobi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.168","article-title":"The pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Hutchison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.11.004","article-title":"Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: a unique malignancy","volume":"43","author":"Kazandjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9010003","article-title":"Epidemiology, staging, and management of multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Padala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08280-y","article-title":"Measuring the global, regional, and national burden of multiple myeloma from 1990 to 2019","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04033","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04033","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and quality of care of multiple myeloma, 1990\u20132019","volume":"14","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0762-T","article-title":"Young adult and usual adult body mass index and multiple myeloma risk: a pooled analysis in the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium (IMMC)","volume":"26","author":"Birmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0010-4","article-title":"Body mass index throughout adulthood, physical activity, and risk of multiple myeloma: a prospective analysis in three large cohorts","volume":"118","author":"Marinac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003143","article-title":"Global burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to kidney dysfunction with projection into 2040","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08002-y","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and trends of low back pain in middle-aged adults: analysis of GBD 1990\u20132021 with projections to 2050","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.07.003","article-title":"Temporal trends of breast cancer burden in the Western Pacific region from 1990 to 2044: implications from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.001","article-title":"The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00853-3","article-title":"Global burden of hematologic malignancies and evolution patterns over the past 30 years","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00961-0","article-title":"Addressing the disparities: the approach to the African American patient with multiple myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Bhutani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32128","article-title":"Multiple myeloma epidemiology and patient geographic distribution in Canada: a population study","volume":"125","author":"Tsang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41223-8","article-title":"Disentangling age, gender, and racial\/ethnic disparities in multiple myeloma burden: a modeling study","volume":"14","author":"Huber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.02.010","article-title":"Distribution of multiple myeloma in India: heterogeneity in incidence across age, sex and geography","volume":"59","author":"Bora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0389","article-title":"Association of BMI, smoking, and alcohol with multiple myeloma mortality in Asians: a pooled analysis of more than 800,000 participants in the Asia Cohort Consortium","volume":"28","author":"Ugai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.04.003","article-title":"Obesity and multiple myeloma: emerging mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"92","author":"Tentolouris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.06.010","article-title":"Adipocytes contribute to the growth and progression of multiple myeloma: unraveling obesity related differences in adipocyte signaling","volume":"380","author":"Bullwinkle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e511","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2016.118","article-title":"A gene expression inflammatory signature specifically predicts multiple myeloma evolution and patients survival","volume":"6","author":"Botta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03767-0","article-title":"Morphogens and growth factor signalling in the myeloma bone-lining niche","volume":"78","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.46989\/001c.92555","article-title":"Epidemiology, treatment trends, and outcomes of multiple myeloma in the Middle East and Africa: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Mattar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Hematol Int"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22490","article-title":"Global, regional, and national thyroid cancer age-period-cohort modeling and Bayesian predictive modeling studies: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201500263","article-title":"Projecting the future burden of cancer: Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis with integrated nested Laplace approximations","volume":"59","author":"Riebler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01133-5","article-title":"An R package for an integrated evaluation of statistical approaches to cancer incidence projection","volume":"20","author":"Knoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1609692\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:39:30Z","timestamp":1753940370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1609692\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1609692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1609692","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"article-number":"1609692"}}