{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:23:26Z","timestamp":1754151806811,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is a pathological condition where an abnormal connection forms between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. This condition can lead to a variety of ocular and neurological symptoms, often making it difficult to diagnose, especially when patients present with common ocular complaints such as red eye, which is often misdiagnosed as conjunctivitis. The subtle and diverse symptoms of CCF can lead to misdiagnosis, delaying appropriate treatment. This article reports a case of CCF that initially presented with red eye and proptosis, leading to an ophthalmology referral. By comparing pre- and postoperative ocular photographs, the article provides a detailed review of the ophthalmic features, classification, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for CCF. The aim is to enhance clinicians\u2019 understanding of this condition, improve diagnostic accuracy at initial presentation, and promote timely and effective treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1613326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T05:21:57Z","timestamp":1753075317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Carotid cavernous fistula presenting as red eye: case illustration and comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qi-Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yan","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"852","article-title":"Dural carotid cavernous sinus fistula: ocular characteristics, endovascular management and clinical outcome[J]","volume":"91","author":"Preechawat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9096","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009096","article-title":"Amelioration of acute orbital compartment syndrome following transvenous embolization for an indirect carotid-cavernous fistula: a case report","volume":"96","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2349","article-title":"CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques[J]","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000241","article-title":"Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas without superior ophthalmic vein enlargement","volume":"31","author":"Jacobs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2022.33","article-title":"Carotid-cavernous fistula masquerading as thyroid associated orbitopathy: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"66","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14261","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14261","article-title":"Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula masquerading as thyroid eye disease","volume":"13","author":"Azzam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106601","article-title":"Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) treatment approaches: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of transarterial and transvenous embolization for direct and indirect CCFs","volume":"204","author":"Texakalidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9050378","article-title":"Liquid embolic agents for endovascular embolization: a review","volume":"9","author":"Pal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.45210","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of the cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula: current status and considerations[J]","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1613326\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T05:22:01Z","timestamp":1753075321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1613326\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":9,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1613326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1613326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-858X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"article-number":"1613326"}}