{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:04:35Z","timestamp":1790129075534,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are homologous viruses with high genetic identity. STLV-1 infections in non-human primates serve as valuable models to study HTLV-1 pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated STLV-1 infection in captive green monkeys (<jats:italic>Chlorocebus aethiops<\/jats:italic>) in Brazil. Blood samples from 52 animals were collected and analyzed for viral presence, genetic characterization, and pathological manifestations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>STLV-1 infection was detected in seven animals, corresponding to a seroprevalence of 13.4%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the STLV-1 strains identified are more closely related to baboon STLV-1 strains and human African HTLV-1 isolates than to other STLV-1 variants, suggesting a shared evolutionary history and possible cross-species transmission. Clinically and hematologically, STLV-1 infection in C. aethiops presented parallels to HTLV-1 infection in humans, including the presence of characteristic \u201cflower cells\u201d and similar lymphoproliferative disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings reinforce the relevance of <jats:italic>C. aethiops<\/jats:italic> as a natural model for studying HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis. The genetic and clinical similarities indicate potential mechanisms of viral evolution and transmission, providing insights that may aid in understanding HTLV-1-associated diseases in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1616406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T05:27:18Z","timestamp":1751261238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating STLV-1 infection in African green monkeys: a model for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"V\u00edctor \u00c2.","family":"Folgosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane A.","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabri S.","family":"Sanabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe B.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara N. 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