{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:38:48Z","timestamp":1792532328356,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of diseases characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation including Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In recent years, probiotics have attracted more and more attention as a potential adjuvant therapy. Probiotics can improve the symptoms and quality of life of IBD patients mainly by regulating intestinal microflora, regulating immune response, enhancing intestinal barrier function and exerting anti-inflammatory effect. However, although a large number of studies have explored the role of probiotics, there are still individual differences and uncertainties in clinical application. This paper reviews the mechanism, clinical effect and future prospect of probiotics in the treatment of IBD, and analyzes the existing clinical research and experimental data to provide reference for further research. Finally, this paper looks forward to the research direction of probiotics in the treatment of IBD, aiming at providing evidence for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1620079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T12:49:09Z","timestamp":1754052549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Probiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases: emphasis on mechanisms and clinical application"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Junxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoman","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangxuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Morphology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)","volume":"58","author":"Fabi\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceskoslovenska patologie"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.03.009","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"50","author":"Bruner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Crohn disease","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.042","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: current concepts, treatment, and implications for disease management","volume":"161","author":"Rogler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234535","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1234535","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: basic characteristics, therapy, and potential pathophysiological associations","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081839","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: from pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"12","author":"Faggiani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.02.013","article-title":"Mucus sialylation determines intestinal host-commensal homeostasis","volume":"185","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122388","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: an update","volume":"13","author":"Jarmakiewicz-Czaja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320065","article-title":"Big data in IBD: big progress for clinical practice","volume":"69","author":"Seyed Tabib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.03.021","article-title":"A systematic review of monogenic inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Nambu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12319","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040944","article-title":"Nutrition, IBD and gut microbiota: a review","volume":"12","author":"Mentella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005","article-title":"The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn's disease","volume":"15","author":"Gevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00021-8","article-title":"Lifestyle, behaviour, and environmental modification for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: an international organization for study of inflammatory bowel diseases consensus","volume":"7","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796017000579","article-title":"Rising incidence of psychiatric disorders before diagnosis of immune-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"28","author":"Marrie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122469","article-title":"Nutrition and supplementation in ulcerative colitis","volume":"14","author":"Radziszewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733992","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.733992","article-title":"The gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184","article-title":"Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health","volume":"12","author":"Mazziotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021526","article-title":"Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: innate immune system","volume":"24","author":"Saez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17562848231212089","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231212089","article-title":"IBD barriers across the continents - East Asia","volume":"16","author":"Mak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765474","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.765474","article-title":"Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"CADTH rapid response reports. Biologics versus Immunomodulators for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of comparative clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness","author":"Chao","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691480","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.691480","article-title":"Glucocorticoid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms and clinical practice","volume":"12","author":"Bruscoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i15.2068","article-title":"Combination treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: present status and future perspectives","volume":"30","author":"Triantafillidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000527422","article-title":"New and emerging treatments for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"104","author":"Higashiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8030297","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Longum: protection against inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2021","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0142","article-title":"Treatment strategies in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"120","author":"Stallmach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt Int"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.01.001","article-title":"IBD disease-modifying therapies: insights from emerging therapeutics","volume":"29","author":"Kotla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02503-5","article-title":"Clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i14.2078","article-title":"Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: current perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The international scientific association of probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112466","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Akutko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934695","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.934695","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and gut immune system: a good friendship that attenuates inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092674","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and other dietary supplements for gut microbiota modulation in celiac disease patients","volume":"12","author":"Marasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuad046","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad046","article-title":"Exploring probiotic effector molecules and their mode of action in gut-immune interactions","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143123","article-title":"The role of probiotics in skin health and related gut-skin axis: a review","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149214","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2149214","article-title":"The potential role of adherence factors in probiotic function in the gastrointestinal tract of adults and pediatrics: a narrative review of experimental and human studies","volume":"14","author":"Gorreja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2017.08.003","article-title":"Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"46","author":"Abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071973","article-title":"The effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-a critical review","volume":"12","author":"Jakubczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.21307\/pjm-2018-044","article-title":"Are probiotic really safe for humans?","volume":"67","author":"Zawistowska-Rojek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-019-00808-y","article-title":"Recent advancements in the development of modern probiotics for restoring human gut microbiome dysbiosis","volume":"60","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11646-8","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: safe options for next-generation therapeutics","volume":"106","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216674","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674","article-title":"Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries","volume":"14","author":"Latif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"104","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Family Phys"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103319","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG derived extracellular vesicles modulate gut microbiota and attenuate inflammatory in DSS-induced colitis mice","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02893-8","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived extracellular vesicles promote wound healing via miR-21-5p-mediated re-epithelization and angiogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323426","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG induces cGAS\/STING- dependent type I interferon and improves response to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"71","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.106020","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus ameliorates obesity in mice through modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal permeability","volume":"175","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679773","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.679773","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of surface proteins of probiotic lactobacilli in colitis mouse models","volume":"12","author":"Chandhni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.01.101","article-title":"Protective function of surface layer protein from Lactobacillus casei fb05 against intestinal pathogens in vitro","volume":"546","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020324","article-title":"Centenarian-sourced Lactobacillus casei combined with dietary Fiber complex ameliorates brain and gut function in aged mice","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060815","article-title":"Effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 on body composition in Normal and overweight adults in randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Sato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002028","article-title":"Usefulness of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 in elderly individuals with chronic constipation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Takeda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220148","article-title":"Effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium breve in improving cognitive function and preventing brain atrophy in older patients with suspected mild cognitive impairment: results of a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Asaoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01700-6","article-title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bacteroides fragilis induced differential immune regulation of enteric glial cells subjected to exogenous inflammatory stimulation","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i22.2509","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae I-3856 in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation","volume":"28","author":"Mourey","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02053-9","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745: a non-bacterial microorganism used as probiotic agent in supporting treatment of selected diseases","volume":"77","author":"Ka\u017amierczak-Siedlecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99830","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099830","article-title":"Chloride secretion induced by rotavirus is oxidative stress-dependent and inhibited by Saccharomyces boulardii in human enterocytes","volume":"9","author":"Buccigrossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010166","article-title":"Gut microbiota and complications of type-2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Iatcu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041169","article-title":"The effectiveness of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei strains in children with atopic dermatitis and cow's Milk protein allergy: a multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Cukrowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082890","article-title":"Microbial medicine: prebiotic and probiotic functional foods to target obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816836","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.816836","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by increasing taurine-conjugated bile acids and inhibiting NF-\u03baB signaling via stabilization of I\u03baB\u03b1","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916824","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.916824","article-title":"Early life administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 alleviates long-term colitis by remodeling the gut microbiota and promoting intestinal barrier development","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040923","article-title":"Precision nutrition and the microbiome, part I: current state of the science","volume":"11","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00353-w","article-title":"The athletic gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Mohr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-1289-4","article-title":"Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00575","article-title":"Intestinal Flora and Disease mutually shape the regional immune system in the intestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116022","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: an overview","volume":"25","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203719666180517100339","article-title":"Influence of probiotics on dietary protein digestion and utilization in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375555","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2375555","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: a promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81628-3","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in polish patients with ulcerative colitis: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Zakerska-Banaszak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.294","article-title":"Differences in gut microbiota in patients with vs without inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Pittayanon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2018.07.003","article-title":"Low diversity gut microbiota dysbiosis: drivers, functional implications and recovery","volume":"44","author":"Kriss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043817","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases and gut microbiota","volume":"24","author":"Haneishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105381","article-title":"The role of enteric dysbacteriosis and modulation of gut microbiota in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"165","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136822","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01368-22","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum and its derived extracellular vesicles modulate gut homeostasis and ameliorate acute experimental colitis","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i24.5505","article-title":"Role and mechanisms of action of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in the maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis patients: an update","volume":"22","author":"Scaldaferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590435","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.590435","article-title":"A novel major pilin subunit protein FimM is involved in adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum BBMN68 to intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050521","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of probiotic Bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.553752","article-title":"Probiotics and its functionally valuable products-a review","volume":"53","author":"Kanmani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3979352","article-title":"Enhancement of macrophage function by the antimicrobial peptide Sublancin protects mice from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111715","article-title":"The influence of probiotics on the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio in the treatment of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Stojanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G824","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00107.2019","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 feeding of healthy newborn mice regulates immune responses while modulating gut microbiota and boosting beneficial metabolites","volume":"317","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-023-01870-x","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of a probiotic cocktail in human feces induced-mouse model","volume":"46","author":"Salimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0166-z","article-title":"Health benefits of probiotics: are mixtures more effective than single strains?","volume":"50","author":"Chapman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309160","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1309160","article-title":"Recombinant probiotic Lactococcus lactis delivering P62 mitigates moderate colitis in mice","volume":"15","author":"Laguna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1826746","article-title":"B. adolescentis ameliorates chronic colitis by regulating Treg\/Th2 response and gut microbiota remodeling","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757718","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.757718","article-title":"Roseburia intestinalis: a beneficial gut organism from the discoveries in genus and species","volume":"11","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176266","article-title":"Immunomodulation and generation of Tolerogenic dendritic cells by probiotic Bacteria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"21","author":"Ghavami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3237","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-beta-bearing regulatory cells","volume":"174","author":"Di Giacinto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i5.742","article-title":"Probiotics increase T regulatory cells and reduce severity of experimental colitis in mice","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.02.002","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536 on human health: modulation of gut microbiome as the principal action","volume":"54","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12752","article-title":"Amelioration of colitis in mice by Leuconostoc lactis EJ-1 by M1 to M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"64","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1045","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1045","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the role of probiotics in modulating immune cells in ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-022-00484-6","article-title":"The effects of the probiotic cocktail on modulation of the NF-kB and JAK\/STAT signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response in bowel disease model","volume":"23","author":"Aghamohammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2045572","article-title":"The role of combining probiotics in preventing and controlling inflammation: a focus on the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in an in vitro model of IBD","volume":"2022","author":"Aghamohammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13793","article-title":"The potential role of Bifidobacterium spp. as a preventive and therapeutic agent in controlling inflammation via affecting inflammatory signalling pathways","volume":"75","author":"Aghamohammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165122","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01651-22","article-title":"Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082) supplementation relieves ulcerative colitis by affecting intestinal barrier functions, immunity-related gene expression, gut microbiota, and metabolic pathways in mice","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system","volume":"74","author":"Maldonado Galdeano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: a door to the body","volume":"12","author":"Cristofori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0331-7","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial glycosylation in homeostasis and gut microbiota interactions in IBD","volume":"17","author":"Kudelka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761981","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.761981","article-title":"Interaction between commensal bacteria, immune response and the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_2_20","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of adhesion molecules in irritable bowel syndrome: a comparison to inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Mitselou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15167","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced downregulation of zona occludens \u22121 expression via toll-like receptor 2\/4-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase\/activator protein-1 signalling pathways","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-316","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum MB452 enhances the function of the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression levels of genes involved in tight junction formation","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14798","article-title":"Tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 as regulators of epithelial proliferation and survival","volume":"1514","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878808","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.878808","article-title":"The probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ameliorates diarrhea cause by Escherichia coli O(8) via gut microbiota modulation(1)","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62497-8","article-title":"Dairy Propionibacterium freudenreichii ameliorates acute colitis by stimulating MUC2 expression in intestinal goblet cell in a DSS-induced colitis rat model","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848344","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.848344","article-title":"The role and function of mucins and its relationship to inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.020","article-title":"Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection","volume":"131","author":"Van der Sluis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052699","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2052699","article-title":"The barrier and beyond: roles of intestinal mucus and mucin-type O-glycosylation in resistance and tolerance defense strategies guiding host-microbe symbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20234","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.553800","article-title":"Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor mediates mucin production stimulated by p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived protein","volume":"289","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104072","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri alleviates LPS-induced intestinal mucosal damage by stimulating the expansion of intestinal stem cells via activation of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in broilers","volume":"103","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235140","article-title":"Disturbances of the gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","article-title":"Short-chain fatty-acid-producing Bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Fusco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.030","article-title":"Sodium butyrate inhibits inflammation and maintains epithelium barrier integrity in a TNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease mice model","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210778","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived butyrate regulates gut mucus barrier repair by activating the macrophage\/WNT\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"136","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1242-9","article-title":"Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids, GPCR, and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105420","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10724","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02652B","article-title":"Dietary probiotic and metabolites improve intestinal homeostasis and prevent colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113158","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a functional food: is it beneficial or not?","volume":"172","author":"Badawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res Int (Ottawa, Ont)"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042017","article-title":"Microbiota-derived metabolites, Indole-3-aldehyde and Indole-3-acetic acid, differentially modulate innate cytokines and stromal remodeling processes associated with autoimmune arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Langan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.08.028","article-title":"Increased tryptophan metabolism is associated with activity of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"153","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200855","article-title":"Mechanism of TLR4-mediated anti-inflammatory response induced by exopolysaccharide from the probiotic Bacillus subtilis","volume":"211","author":"Zamora-Pineda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2024.105360","article-title":"Probiotic Bacillus cereus regulates metabolic disorders and activates the cholic acid-FXR axis to alleviate DSS-induced colitis","volume":"312","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Proteome"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14293","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila alleviates high-fat-diet-related metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiota and bile acids","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108655","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2108655","article-title":"The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management","volume":"14","author":"Nabavi-Rad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"661","article-title":"Crohn's disease: diagnosis and management","volume":"98","author":"Veauthier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-020-00280-5","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Crohn's disease inflammation and recurrence","volume":"15","author":"Petagna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03857-2","article-title":"Surgical management of Crohn's disease: a state of the art review","volume":"36","author":"Meima-van Praag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38101","article-title":"Intestinal flora and inflammatory bowel disease: causal relationships and predictive models","volume":"10","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949096","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1949096","article-title":"Dysbiotic microbiota interactions in Crohn's disease","volume":"13","author":"Caparr\u00f3s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061090","article-title":"Highlighting the relevance of gut microbiota manipulation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Pavel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.01.017","article-title":"Modulating the microbiome for Crohn's disease treatment","volume":"164","author":"Gowen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020494","article-title":"The role of probiotics in inducing and maintaining remission in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Vakadaris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02586-2","article-title":"Crohn's disease","volume":"403","author":"Dolinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-023-02991-0","article-title":"Protocadherin 20 maintains intestinal barrier function to protect against Crohn's disease by targeting ATF6","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030656","article-title":"Multi-species probiotic strain mixture enhances intestinal barrier function by regulating inflammation and tight junctions in lipopolysaccharides stimulated Caco-2 cells","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162617","article-title":"A multi-strain probiotic formulation improves intestinal barrier function by the modulation of tight and adherent junction proteins","volume":"11","author":"di Vito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297565","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2023.2297565","article-title":"Effects of Mesalamine combined with live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus capsules on intestinal mucosa barrier function and intestinal microbiota in mildly active Crohn's disease patients","volume":"37","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11821","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-2996","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of probiotics in the induction and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00595-4","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a multi-strain probiotic in patients with asymptomatic ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease","volume":"27","author":"Bjarnason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2020.115","article-title":"Changes in the Crohn's disease activity index and safety of administering Saccharomyces Boulardii in patients with Crohn's disease in clinical remission: a single hospital-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"76","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.021","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii does not prevent relapse of Crohn's disease","volume":"11","author":"Bourreille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.18227","article-title":"Effect of administering kefir on the changes in fecal microbiota and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.076604","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial","volume":"55","author":"Marteau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000175905.00212.2c","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind trial of Lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn's disease","volume":"11","author":"Bousvaros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006634","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006634.pub3","article-title":"Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn's disease","volume":"2020","author":"Limketkai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"402","author":"Le Berre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0080","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis: an update","volume":"21","author":"Segal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1174832","article-title":"Insight into gut dysbiosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic colitis","volume":"14","author":"Dahal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-4932","article-title":"Reduction of fecal calprotectin levels induced by a short course of Escherichia Coli Nissle is associated with a lower likelihood of disease flares in patients with ulcerative colitis in clinical remission","volume":"32","author":"Bodini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gastroint Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10171","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02303B","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082 alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice through regulating gut microbiome","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13410","article-title":"The prophylaxis functions of Lactobacillus fermentum GLF-217 and Lactobacillus plantarum FLP-215 on ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota of mice","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2019.18426","article-title":"Effects of pentasa-combined probiotics on the microflora structure and prognosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"30","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01887-2","article-title":"Supplemental bifid triple viable capsule treatment improves inflammatory response and T cell frequency in ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202001_20079","article-title":"Effects of mesalazine combined with bifid triple viable on intestinal flora, immunoglobulin and levels of cal, MMP-9, and MPO in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112738","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii (CNCM I-745) alleviates collagen-induced arthritis by partially maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity through TLR2\/MYD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway inhibition","volume":"139","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050702","article-title":"Heat-killed Saccharomyces boulardii alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis by restoring the intestinal barrier, reducing inflammation, and modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061484","article-title":"Both Saccharomyces boulardii and its Postbiotics alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice, association with modulating inflammation and intestinal microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132753","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplantation versus Mesalamine Enema for treatment of active left-sided ulcerative colitis-results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"B\u0159ezina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658292","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.658292","article-title":"Cross-talk between butyric acid and gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis following fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220821","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0821","article-title":"Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: is there sufficient evidence?","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2018.1477123","article-title":"Probiotics for inflammatory bowel diseases: a promising adjuvant treatment","volume":"70","author":"Coqueiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-58572-2_8","article-title":"Probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"1449","author":"Guandalini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673314861240429072352","article-title":"Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease; a deep dive into their impact on disease course and associated health risks","volume":"31","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-3936","article-title":"Probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in adulthood: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Lorentz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastroint Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00124","article-title":"Strain-specificity and disease-specificity of probiotic efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"McFarland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209205","article-title":"Choosing an appropriate probiotic product for your patient: an evidence-based practical guide","volume":"13","author":"Sniffen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC04984H","article-title":"COF-based artificial probiotic for modulation of gut microbiota and immune microenvironment in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.07.006","article-title":"Tuning in to inflammation: a path forward for precise and efficacious microbiome medicines?","volume":"2","author":"Subramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.11.015","article-title":"Microbiota and IBD: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"56","author":"Foppa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digest Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17528","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c03834","article-title":"The potential of Meta-proteomics and artificial intelligence to establish the next generation of probiotics for personalized healthcare","volume":"71","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.10.026","article-title":"Integrated gut microbiome and metabolome analyses identified fecal biomarkers for bowel movement regulation by Bifidobacterium longum BB536 supplementation: a RCT","volume":"20","author":"Nakamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000798708.22025.c0","article-title":"P027brain fog in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and association with use of probiotics","volume":"116","author":"Dadlani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25911","article-title":"Probiotics are a good choice in remission of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta analysis and systematic review","volume":"233","author":"Ganji-Arjenaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14217","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14217","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of bacterial biomarkers enable fast and accurate monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Sezgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111684","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of potentially probiotic bacterial strains from mice: proof of concept for personalized probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Celiberto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2024.108336","article-title":"Next generation probiotics: engineering live biotherapeutics","volume":"72","author":"Murali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-01799-0","article-title":"Engineered probiotics","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105466","article-title":"Next-generation probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Pesce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(02)00007-4","article-title":"Development of strain-specific PCR reactions for the detection of the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 in fecal samples","volume":"154","author":"Blum-Oehler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31171-0","article-title":"Programmable probiotics modulate inflammation and gut microbiota for inflammatory bowel disease treatment after effective oral delivery","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.02.004","article-title":"Oral engineered Bifidobacterium longum expressing rhMnSOD to suppress experimental colitis","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062945","article-title":"Engineered Lactobacillus paracasei producing Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) prevents colitis in mice","volume":"22","author":"Esposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.08.036","article-title":"Bioorthogonal conjugation and responsive nanocoating of probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"374","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Rel"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11653","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c18134","article-title":"Harnessing Akkermansia muciniphila membrane coating for probiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03240-1","article-title":"Probiotic nanocomposite materials with excellent resistance, inflammatory targeting, and multiple efficacies for enhanced treatment of colitis in mice","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.11.010","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic formulations for adult patients with mild-moderate ulcerative colitis in an adjunctive therapy: a network meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.23736\/S1824-4785.17.03050-3","article-title":"Animal models for the study of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis on modalities for imaging inflammatory lesions","volume":"62","author":"Auletta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126000","article-title":"Cell membrane nanomaterials composed of phospholipids and glycoproteins for drug delivery in inflammatory bowel disease: a review","volume":"249","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041172","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in the cardiovascular diseases","volume":"26","author":"Oniszczuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12173","article-title":"Preventive and synbiotic effects of the soluble dietary fiber obtained from Lentinula edodes byproducts and Lactobacillus plantarum LP90 against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"103","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05026-9","article-title":"Protective effect of synbiotic combination of Lactobacillus plantarum SC-5 and olive oil extract tyrosol in a murine model of ulcerative colitis","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab017","article-title":"Synbiotics improve clinical indicators of ulcerative colitis: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Rufino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435030","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1435030","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"12","author":"Farah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.02.044","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics-based interventions as therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a recent update","volume":"29","author":"Selvamani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1620079\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T12:49:11Z","timestamp":1754052551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1620079\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":198,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1620079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1620079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"article-number":"1620079"}}