{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:31:45Z","timestamp":1755225105485,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculous empyema (TE) is a chronic active infection caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> that invades the pleural cavity. Initially, fluid accumulates in the pleural space, followed by an influx of neutrophils, which gradually develops into purulent fluid. This process can eventually lead to pleural thickening and calcification, restricting lung expansion and impairing lung function. Additionally, empyema can extend outward through weaknesses in the chest wall, forming abscesses in the soft tissues outside the thoracic cavity. The combination of anti-tuberculosis medications and surgical intervention is a crucial treatment approach for tuberculous empyema. We report a case of tuberculous empyema that invaded the diaphragm, resulting in diaphragmatic rupture and the formation of a subcapsular liver abscess, which was initially misdiagnosed as a diaphragmatic hernia. The patient showed significant improvement and was discharged following surgical treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1621689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T05:33:41Z","timestamp":1755063221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: A case of tuberculous empyema causing rupture of the diaphragm was misdiagnosed as diaphragmatic hernia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"92","article-title":"2024 WHO tuberculosis report: key data analysis for China and the global world","volume":"9","author":"Yuanyuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elect J Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20220232","DOI":"10.36416\/1806-3756\/e20220232","article-title":"Tuberculous empyema: combined intrapleural therapy might be an alternative","volume":"48","author":"Colares","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezv272","article-title":"EACTS expert consensus statement for surgical management of pleural empyema","volume":"48","author":"Scarci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii41","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.137000","article-title":"Management of pleural infection in adults: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13673","article-title":"Tuberculous pleural effusion","volume":"24","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00219246-200023050-00001","article-title":"Thoracic manifestations of tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Rossi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contemp Diagn Radiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-202072","article-title":"Empyema necessitans: very late complication of pulmonary tuberculosis","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20232131","article-title":"Protracted tuberculous empyema necessitans following intercostal drainage tube insertion","volume":"11","author":"Kohli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.5692","article-title":"Two rare cases involving the spread of tuberculosis: A tuberculous abscess of the Chest Wall invading the liver by way of the diaphragm","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1621689\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T05:33:43Z","timestamp":1755063223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1621689\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":9,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1621689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1621689","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"article-number":"1621689"}}