{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:03:56Z","timestamp":1758931436171,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma-related adverse events (GRAE) after congenital cataract surgery severely affect the visual recovery of children and have attracted significant attention in the medical community. This article focuses on the research of its surgical factors. In terms of age, the younger the age at surgery, the higher the risk of glaucoma-related adverse events after surgery. Regarding surgical methods, primary in-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, secondary in-the-bag IOL implantation, and ciliary sulcus IOL implantation have different effects on the incidence of glaucoma. There are controversies over the advantages and disadvantages of different implantation methods and the definition of high-risk factors. In terms of medications, corticosteroids used to control inflammation may induce elevated intraocular pressure, and the safety data of intraocular pressure-lowering medications in children are incomplete. To balance the contradictions among surgical methods, surgical timing, and medication use, it is necessary to closely monitor the intraocular pressure, anterior segment structure, and the space of the posterior segment during the perioperative period. When the intraocular pressure rises, the cause should be identified clearly and targeted treatment should be carried out. When using medications to lower intraocular pressure, drugs with fewer adverse reactions in children should be preferred. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is a promising option for refractory cases. Further research is needed in the future to clarify the risk factors, optimize treatment strategies, reduce the incidence of glaucoma-related adverse events after congenital cataract surgery, and improve the visual prognosis of children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1622410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T05:31:33Z","timestamp":1758864693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insights and decision-making on surgical triggers of glaucoma-related complications in congenital cataract surgery: a clinical review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-kan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/S12886-021-02184-Y","article-title":"Study on the enlargement index of femtosecond laser-assisted capsulorhexis in 2-6-year-old patients with congenital cataract","volume":"21","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ajo.2021.10.006","article-title":"In-the-bag versus ciliary sulcus secondary intraocular lens implantation for pediatric aphakia: a prospective comparative study","volume":"236","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1001\/Jamaophthalmol.2015.1329","article-title":"Glaucoma-related adverse events in the first 5 years after unilateral cataract removal in the infant aphakia treatment study","volume":"133","author":"Freedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/Jamaophthalmol.2022.6413","article-title":"Incidence of glaucoma-related adverse events in the first 5 years after pediatric lensectomy","volume":"141","author":"Bothun","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30317-1","article-title":"5-year outcomes after primary intraocular lens implantation in children aged 2 years or younger with congenital or infantile cataract: findings from the IOLunder2 prospective inception cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Solebo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ophtha.2019.03.011","article-title":"Outcomes of unilateral cataracts in infants and toddlers 7 to 24 months of age: toddler aphakia and pseudophakia study (TAPS)","volume":"126","author":"Bothun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103994","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Jaapos.2024.103994","article-title":"Posterior subcapsular cataract in a patient with Straatsma syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Farazdaghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126910","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ijbiomac.2023.126910","article-title":"Cataract-causing mutations S78F and S78P of gammad-crystallin decrease protein conformational stability and drive aggregation","volume":"253","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1136\/Bjo-2023-323171","article-title":"Predicting the risk of glaucoma-related adverse events following secondary intraocular lens implantation in paediatric eyes: a 3-year study","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/S10792-025-03412-W","article-title":"Factors associated with the time of glaucoma-related adverse events onset after pediatric cataract surgery and the preferred anti-glaucomatous surgical selection","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Jaapos.2005.07.002","article-title":"The natural history of Glaucoma and ocular hypertension after pediatric cataract surgery","volume":"10","author":"Egbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1001\/Jamaophthalmol.2014.531","article-title":"Comparison of contact lens and intraocular lens correction of monocular aphakia during infancy: a randomized clinical trial of HOTV optotype acuity at age 4.5 years and clinical findings at age 5 years","volume":"132","author":"Lambert","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ophtha.2007.09.002","article-title":"Incidence of and factors associated with glaucoma after surgery for congenital cataract: findings from the British congenital cataract study","volume":"115","author":"Chak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.18240\/Ijo.2021.06.19","article-title":"Commentary review: challenges of intraocular lens implantation for congenital cataract infants","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/Jamaophthalmol.2020.5664","article-title":"Glaucoma-related adverse events at 10 years in the infant aphakia treatment study: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"139","author":"Freedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5301\/Ejo.5000533","article-title":"Pediatric cataract surgery in Buphthalmos","volume":"25","author":"Sukhija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/J.Jcrs.0000000000001324","article-title":"Influence of posterior capsule abnormalities in pediatric cataract surgery","volume":"50","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3760\/Cma.J.Cn112142-20220602-00276","article-title":"Outcomes of surgical treatment of congenital cataract with microphthalmia in infancy","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ajo.2022.10.015","article-title":"Nationwide incidence of infantile cataract surgery and risk of secondary glaucoma in a population-based birth cohort","volume":"246","author":"Choe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(00)90009-0","article-title":"Does primary intraocular Lens implantation prevent \"aphakic\" Glaucoma in children?","volume":"4","author":"Asrani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/Bjo.2006.096370","article-title":"Glaucoma and increased central corneal thickness in aphakic and pseudophakic patients after congenital cataract surgery","volume":"90","author":"Simsek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/Aos.16746","article-title":"Comparing glaucoma risk in children receiving low-dose and high-dose glucocorticoid treatment after cataract surgery","volume":"103","author":"Schmidt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43015","DOI":"10.1038\/Srep43015","article-title":"The long-term anterior segment configuration after pediatric cataract surgery and the association with secondary glaucoma","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73638-4","article-title":"Management of the posterior capsule during pediatric intraocular lens implantation","volume":"115","author":"Buckley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ajo.2018.09.042","article-title":"Five-year postoperative outcomes of bilateral aphakia and pseudophakia in children up to 2 years of age: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"199","author":"Lambert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2014.959192","article-title":"Complications of pediatric cataract surgery","volume":"29","author":"Whitman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577200","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1577200","article-title":"The pivotal role of inflammatory factors in Glaucoma: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/S12886-022-02343-9","article-title":"Glaucoma and risk factors three years after congenital cataract surgery","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000545","article-title":"Early postoperative intraocular pressure elevation following cataract surgery","volume":"30","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ajo.2022.03.026","article-title":"Risk of elevated intraocular pressure with difluprednate in patients with non-infectious uveitis","volume":"240","author":"Yakin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3390\/Jcm11041041","article-title":"Management of childhood glaucoma following cataract surgery","volume":"11","author":"Simons","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000637","article-title":"Outcomes of goniotomy with or without secondary intraocular lens implantation in pediatric glaucoma following cataract surgery: a prospective pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1136\/Bjo.2007.117887","article-title":"Secondary Glaucoma after paediatric cataract surgery","volume":"91","author":"Swamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Survophthal.2024.10.005","article-title":"The secondary childhood glaucomas","volume":"70","author":"Elsayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ophtha.2024.07.030","article-title":"Special commentary: reporting clinical endpoints in studies of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery","volume":"132","author":"Gedde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/Ceo.14571","article-title":"Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery: is it here to stay?","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1001\/Jamaophthalmol.2021.2351","article-title":"Minimally invasive glaucoma surgical techniques for open-angle glaucoma: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews and network meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Bicket","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3238\/Arztebl.M2024.0240","article-title":"Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery","volume":"122","author":"Voykov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1622410\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T05:31:34Z","timestamp":1758864694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1622410\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1622410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1622410","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"article-number":"1622410"}}