{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:25:59Z","timestamp":1762496759549,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aim to investigate the ethnic and sex differences in corneal nerves and epithelial cell metrics among healthy Chinese and Indian populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study included 15,850 corneal nerve and 9,510 corneal epithelial cell images from 328 individuals, categorized into Chinese and Indian ethnicities.\n                      <jats:italic>In-vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      confocal microscopy scans were performed to evaluate corneal nerves and epithelium. Quantitative analytic software was used to obtain 10 corneal nerve and epithelial parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 208 Chinese participants (101 males, 107 females) in this study with a mean age of 57.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f15.6\u202fyears, and 120 Indian participants (58 males, 62 females) with a mean age of 55.8\u202f\u00b1\u202f21.2\u202fyears (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.36). Compared to Chinese participants, Indian participants exhibited significantly higher values in all nerve parameters, including corneal nerve fiber length, fiber density, branch density, total branch density, fiber area (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), fiber width (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.041), and fiber fractal dimension (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Chinese participants demonstrated significantly larger epithelial size compared to their Indian counterparts (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Within the Chinese cohort, females presented with significantly higher corneal nerve fiber length, fiber area, and fractal dimension than males (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.034,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.022 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.033, respectively). Indian females showed higher epithelial cell circularity compared to Indian males (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.026).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study identifies significant ethnic and sex disparities in corneal nerves and epithelium. These should be considered when evaluating corneal metrics in Chinese and Indian populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1626501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:23:12Z","timestamp":1762496592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnic and sex differences in corneal nerves and corneal epithelial cells in healthy population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fengyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle Xin Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wajid Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodhbir S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.308666","article-title":"Corneal neuromediator profiles following laser 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